Ua manaʻo ʻia nā pā e pale i nā hale i kapa ʻia ʻo Acropolis, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi o Topkapı Palace i kēia lā. Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻeono mau kilomita ka lōʻihi me 27 mau hale kiaʻi; akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe o mākou ala e ʻike ai i ka nui o nā puka i loko o nā pā.
ʻO kahi puka ma kahi maʻalahi loa he puka i loko o kekahi ʻano o ka pā - he pā a i ʻole ka pā. Hiki ke maʻalahi a nani loa paha e like me ka ʻīpuka ceremonial mua loa o ʻIshtar, kahi hale nani i hana ʻia e Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II i 575 BC. He ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo nā pā kaua a me nā kūlanakauhale paʻa i hiki ke wehe ʻia a pani ʻia e like me ke kūpono. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka noho ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā pā a me nā puka. Pono ia hale i kahi mana koʻikoʻi e hiki ke kauoha i nā limahana e pono ai ke kūkulu ʻana i ia mau hale a me ke kumu e hana ai i ia pale. ʻO nā pā palisade a i ʻole nā paia stake e like me nā Helene kahiko a me nā Roma i kūkulu ʻia he mea pono paha no ka pale ʻana i nā pūʻali liʻiliʻi akā ʻaʻole hiki ke kōkua i kahi pūʻali ʻenemi nui.
Ua kūkulu ʻia nā pā no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiāulu
I ka wā i kūkulu ʻia ai nā pā mua ma Byzantium, aia nā kumu a pau e hoʻoikaika ai iā lākou e pale i kahi kaiāulu ulu i ulu waiwai ma ke kālepa ma waena o ke Kai ʻEleʻele a me ka Aegean. ʻO ia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka wā Kalikiano, a ua manaʻo ʻia nā pā e pale i nā hale i kapa ʻia ʻo Acropolis, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi o Topkapı Palace i kēia lā. Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻeono mau kilomita ka lōʻihi me 27 mau hale kiaʻi; akā naʻe, ʻaʻohe o mākou ala e ʻike ai i ka nui o nā puka i loko o nā pā. E iho ana kekahi o lakou i ke Kai o Marmara, ma ka aoao aina kekahi a ma ka aoao Golden Horn kekahi. ʻEiwa paha?
ʻO ka palapala ʻāina o Constantinople i ka makahiki 1422 e ka
ʻO ka mea kālai kiʻi Florentine Cristoforo Buondelmonte.
I ka manawa i kūkulu ʻia ai ke kolu o nā pā e Theodosius the Great (r. 378-395), ua kokoke lākou i kahi a mākou e ʻike ai i kēia lā. He ʻeiwa mau ʻīpuka nui e kū ana ma nā paia a ua koho ʻia kekahi mau ʻīpuka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma ke ʻano he ʻīpuka koa akā ua hoʻohana ʻia no nā kaʻa kūloko i ka wā ʻaʻole i hoʻoweliweli ʻia ke kūlanakauhale. ʻO ka ʻīpuka koʻikoʻi o nā ʻīpuka a pau, ʻo ka Golden Gate, i kūkulu mua ʻia ma ke ʻano he kiaʻi hoʻomana i komo ai nā emepera lanakila a me nā pūkaua i ke kūlanakauhale. ʻEhā mau hale kiaʻi a kū kūʻokoʻa paha me ka pili ʻole i nā pā o ke kūlanakauhale. Ua hopohopo naʻe ʻo Theodosius II (r. 408-450), no ka hāʻule ʻana o Roma i ka poʻe Visigoth, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā pā i loko o ka ʻīpuka gula, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o hoʻokahi mile ma waho o nā pā i kūkulu ʻia e ka Emepera Septimius Severus.
ʻO ka ʻīpuka gula ʻekolu mau ʻaka, ʻo kahi nui ma waena i hoʻopili ʻia e ʻelua mau pio liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā ʻīpuka gula i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hoʻomalu i ke kaʻa ʻana i loko a i waho o ke kūlanakauhale ʻoiai he mau kiʻi kiʻi a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ma nā ʻaoʻao o ka pā. Heluhelu ʻia ka plaque, unuhi ʻia mai ka Helene:
"Ua hoʻonani ʻo Theodosius i kēia mau wahi ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka mea ʻino. Ua lawe mai ʻo ia i kahi makahiki gula nāna i kūkulu i ka puka me ke gula.
ʻO ke kiʻi koʻikoʻi o nā kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia i kahi emepera e holo ana ma ke kaʻa i huki ʻia e nā elepani ʻehā, akā hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ʻo wai ka mōʻī. ʻO kekahi manaʻo e hōʻike ana iā Theodosius ma hope o kona lanakila ʻana iā Maximus. ʻO kekahi manaʻo ʻē aʻe ʻo ia ka mea i hōʻike iā Heraclius ma hope o kona lanakila ʻana ma luna o ka poʻe Sassanians a me kona hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ke Keʻa ʻoiaʻiʻo i ke kenekulia ʻehiku. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea i hana ʻia i ke kiʻi kiʻi akā aia kekahi mau ʻāpana o ke kiʻi ma ka façade i kēia manawa ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Archaeological Istanbul. ʻO ka manawa hope loa i hoʻohana ʻia ai ka pā no ka lanakila ʻana i ka makahiki 1261 i ka wā i hoʻihoʻi hou ai nā Byzantines i ke kūlanakauhale mai ka Latin Crusaders. Ma hope iho ua paʻa ʻia i ʻole e hiki i kekahi ke komo a haʻalele paha i ke kūlanakauhale mai laila mai.
ʻO nā ʻīpuka nui ʻewalu ʻē aʻe o ka Theodosian Walls a mākou i ʻike ai i kēia manawa ma ko lākou mau inoa Turkish, ʻo Topkapı a me Edirnekapı nā ʻīpuka ʻelua i koʻikoʻi i ka 1453 lanakila o ke kūlanakauhale a ma hope. Ma ke alo o ka puka ʻo Topkapı i noho ai ʻo Sultan Mehmed II i kona hale lole i ka wā o ka hoʻopuni ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale a kahi i waiho ʻia ai ka pūkuniahi nui loa. Wahi a ka moʻolelo ma ʻaneʻi i pepehi ʻia ai ka mōʻī Byzantine hope loa. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Edirnekapı e Alexander van Milligen ma kāna puke 1899, "Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls of the City and Adjoining Historical Sites" ʻo ia ka puka i komo ai ke sultan i ke kūlanakauhale ma hope o kona hāʻule ʻana, ʻoiai ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia kēia mai nā kumu mua. mai hai mai oe i ka puka i hoohanaia. ʻO ka poʻe loea o kēia lā makemake iā Topkapı a i ʻole Eğrikapı.
Hoʻopili nā Theodosian Walls me nā pā Byzantine ʻē aʻe e iho ana i ka Golden Horn. Loaʻa ʻo Eğrikapı ma kahi pā i kūkulu ʻia i ke kenekulia ʻumikūmālua e ka Emperor Manuel Comnenes. E holo ana ma ka Hikina ma ka Golden Horn i na pa kai o ke kulanakauhale. Hiki nō ke ʻike aku i kekahi o lākou e kū nei a me kekahi hale pio i kū ma ke ʻano he ʻīpuka. ʻAʻole maikaʻi ke kūkulu ʻia o nā pā kai ma mua o ko Theodosius no ka mea ʻaʻole i manaʻo nui ka poʻe Byzantine e hiki ke hoʻouka ʻia mai kēlā ʻaoʻao. Ua manaʻo lākou ʻo ke kaulahao a lākou i kau ai ma ka puka komo o ka Golden Horn i ke kenekulia ʻewalu a ʻo ka ikaika o nā au i ke Kai o Marmara e pale aku i ka hoʻouka kaua moana mai kēlā ʻaoʻao. Aia ma kahi o 20 mau ʻīpuka i loko o nā pā kai a ʻo ka mea hope loa ma ka moku Sirkeci i kēia lā kahi i mālama ʻia ai ke kaulahao nui.
ʻO ka ʻīpuka ʻIsetar ma Babulona
ʻO nā pā ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke Kai o Marmara he 13 ʻīpuka. ʻOiai ua kūkulu ʻia ka pā ma kahi kokoke i ke kai, ua palekana ʻo ia mai nā ʻenemi e hoʻāʻo nei e hoʻouka mai kēlā ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka ʻīpuka mua loa, ʻo ka ʻīpuka Hikina, i lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻīpuka hoʻolauleʻa i ke kenekulia ʻumikūmālua. Mai ka wā i nalowale ai ʻo ia mai ke kinikini i loko o nā hale kiaʻi ʻelua e pili ana i ka mea hiki ʻole ke pale aku a ua hoʻohana ʻo Sultan Mahmud II e kūkulu i ka Marble Köşk kokoke. ʻO nā ʻīpuka ʻē aʻe i alakaʻi i nā hale ma ka pā o Topkapı Palace a i lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he komo a puka i waho no nā awa ma ka Marmara. ʻO nā ʻīpuka hope loa ma nā paia ʻo ka ʻīpuka Samatya a me ka ʻīpuka Narlı.
ʻO nā ʻīpuka ʻē aʻe o Istanbul
ʻO Galata, ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka Golden Horn, ua hoʻopuni ʻia hoʻi e nā pā pā. Wahi a Nezih Başgelen i hoʻopuka hou ʻia, "Galata-Pera", he ʻumikumamālua mau pā i loaʻa nā puka; akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo i kēlā mai nā kiʻi i loko o ka puke. I kēia lā ʻo Galata Tower wale nō ke koe a ʻo ka puka i kapa ʻia ʻo Azapkapı.
ʻO nā pā kaua ʻē aʻe me nā ʻīpuka ʻo Rumeli Hisar, Anadolu Hisar a me ka hale kākela Genoese ma Anadolu Kavağı.
ʻO ka hale aliʻi ʻo Topkapı i loko o kahi liona ponoʻī me kāna puka Imperial a me ka puka o Felicity.
He ʻano ʻokoʻa nā ʻīpuka monumental o kēia lā e like me ka hiki ke ʻike maʻalahi mai ka puka hao ma ka Hale Aliʻi ʻo Dolmabahçe a me kekahi o nā hale aliʻi liʻiliʻi e like me Ihlamur Kasrı.
HDN
