Ottoman phau ntawv kos duab tau hauv paus hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub ntiaj teb Islamic dav, tab sis hloov zuj zus thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg hauv Ottoman thaj chaw. Kev lig kev cai tau hloov mus rau Ottoman saj thiab vam meej nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman thiab nws cov neeg nyob ze.
Cov tsev qiv ntawv muaj nyob hauv Middle East txij li lub sijhawm qub, txawm hais tias qee zaum lawv zoo li ntau dua li cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg, lossis sau cov ntaub ntawv. Cov tsev qiv ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws yog los ntawm thaj chaw Sumer thiab Mesopotamia thiab tau sau hnub rov qab mus txog 2,500 BC
Ua ntej nws raug puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua plaub AD, lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Alexandria, tim lyiv teb chaws, tau suav hais tias yog ib qho kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb paub thaum lub sijhawm. Nws tau tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm 300 BC los ntawm Ptolemy I, yog ib tug ntawm Alexander the Great tus thawj coj tom qab kawg tuag, thiab nws cov successors txuas ntxiv txhawb nws. Nws tau hais tias muaj 700,000 phaus thaum lub sijhawm nws raug rhuav tshem los ntawm cov neeg ntseeg Vajtswv uas sim rhuav tshem cov tuam tsev pagan. Lwm lub tsev qiv ntawv nto moo ntawm kev qub txeeg qub teg yog ntawm Celsius hauv Ephesus, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua ob AD thiab muaj nyob ib ncig ntawm 12,000 scrolls.
Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Loj ntawm Constantinople tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua plaub AD los ntawm Emperor Constantius II, thiab tau hais tias muaj 100,000 phau ntawv ua ntej lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua tsib. Txawm li cas los xij, Latin crusaders rhuav tshem nws hauv 1204.
Thaum lub tsev qiv ntawv no tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm txoj cai ntawm Byzantine huab tais, cov pej xeem kuj muaj cov tsev qiv ntawv. Piv txwv li, Photios uas yog Greek Orthodox Patriarch, ob zaug sau ib lub tsev qiv ntawv loj uas nws xav tias muaj ntau txhiab phau ntawv, thiab nws ua rau lawv muaj rau nws cov phooj ywg.
Ntawm cov Arabs thiab qhov tseeb tag nrho cov Muslims phau ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog Quran. Cov no yuav ua nrog cov qauv zoo nkauj los ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws thiab khi nrog cov kev sib txuas zoo tshaj plaws. Cov khoom dai zoo tib yam no tau siv rau hauv lwm yam haujlwm thoob plaws lub sijhawm nruab nrab, txawm tias hauv cov ntawv txhais los ntawm lwm yam lus xws li Greek.
Phau ntawv tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no
Prof. Dr. Zeren Tanındı, nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawv hu ua "Lub Sakıp Sabancı Tsev khaws puav pheej Sau ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam ntawm Phau Ntawv thiab Kev Sau Ntawv Sau Ntawv," hais txog Ottoman: "Ottoman arts ntawm phau ntawv tau rooted nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub ntiaj teb Islamic dav, tom qab. cov idioms tseem ceeb ntawm cov txuj ci no, uas hloov zuj zus thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg muaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txawm li cas los xij, cov lus no tau hloov mus rau Ottoman saj thiab vam meej nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman thiab nws cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig, thiab ntau tus neeg nyob hauv Ottoman palace ua rau muaj kev sib txawv uas ua rau cov phau ntawv Ottoman pom tau ntawm ib nrais muag. Cov hauj lwm no qhia txog kev txuas ntxiv ntawm kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse dhau los ntawm tus tswv mus rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, thiab kev sib txawv tsis tu ncua ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tshiab uas tau hloov zuj zus mus rau ntau pua xyoo. "
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo uas ua ntej lub Turkish conquest ntawm Constantinople, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg txawj ntse tau khiav tawm lub nroog thiab nyob hauv Ltalis. Undoubtedly lawv coj nrog lawv ib co ntawm lawv precious phau ntawv tab sis tej zaum tsis muaj ntau. Thaum lub sij hawm tsis meej pem thiab hluav taws kub uas tshwm sim tam sim tom qab lub conquest, cov phau ntawv raug puas tsuaj. Txij li thaum Fatih Sultan Mehmet paub ntau yam lus thiab yog ib tug txiv neej kawm, nws yeej ib txwm xav tias nws yuav tau sau cov phau ntawv qub thiab tej zaum nws tau ua. Tab sis yog li ntawd, lawv tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no. Muaj qee qhov kev cia siab ntawm cov kws tshaj lij uas cov phau ntawv khaws cia ntawm Topkapı yuav muaj cov ntawv sau Greek uas ploj lawm ntev tab sis nws tau ua pov thawj tias tsis yog.
Nyob rau hauv lub Ottoman tsis muaj txoj cai luam cov phau ntawv thiab ua rau lawv muaj rau pej xeem. Kev luam cov phau ntawv los ntawm tes yog kim heev, thiab txog thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm Ottoman classical cov ntawv zoo thiab tus cwj mem tau siv thiab cov kws luam ntawv tau kawm zoo. Tus kws sau ntawv yuav tsim thawj tsab ntawv thiab tom qab ntawd nws yuav muaj cov ntawv luam tawm rau cov phooj ywg thiab cov neeg muaj peev xwm. Lawv nyob rau hauv lem yuav ua luam. Tom qab lub sij hawm classical, qhov zoo ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv degenerated noticeably.
Cov nplua nuj, cov pej xeem ntiag tug tau sau phau ntawv
Cov tsev qiv ntawv, xws li lawv nyob hauv cov Ottoman, yog cov phau ntawv sau ntawv sau los ntawm cov neeg muaj nyiaj, cov pej xeem ntiag tug thiab tsuas yog cov sultans tuaj yeem them nyiaj rau cov khoom loj uas tau piav qhia nrog cov khoom me me uas tso cai rau peb pom cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub neej imperial. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov phau ntawv kev cai dab qhuas yuav khaws cia hauv cov mosques thiab hauv ntau qhov "medresses" (cov tsev kawm ntawv) nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nroog. Cov ntawv kho mob tej zaum yuav raug piav qhia los qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm ua haujlwm li cas, piv txwv li.
Lub tsev qiv ntawv Köprülü, uas tseem niaj hnub no, muaj cov phau ntawv uas Köprülü tsev neeg nto moo tau sau ntau pua xyoo. Tam sim no lub tsev qiv ntawv tuav txog 3,000 cov ntawv sau tab sis nws ib zaug muaj ntau dua. Nws tau tsim los ntawm Çemberlitaş hauv 1678 los ntawm Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Paşa nrog qee phau ntawv 2000. Thaum nws yog Ottoman grand vizier, Fazıl Mustafa Paşa raug tua thaum muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv 1691, tab sis lwm cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg txuas ntxiv kev coj noj coj ua.
Thaum Sultan Ahmed III rov qab los ntawm kev nyob ntev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Edirne xyoo 1718, nws pom tias tsis muaj leej twg cuam tshuam khaws cov phau ntawv ntawm Topkapı Palace hauv ib qho chaw nruab nrab, yog li nws tau hais kom tsev qiv ntawv tsim nyob nruab nrab ntawm Peb Lub Tsev. Tus sultan txawm hais tias tau koom nrog hauv qhov project thiab lub duav nws siv tseem muaj. Tau ntau xyoo nws muaj peev xwm rau cov kws tshawb fawb los nyeem nyob ntawd tom qab lub palace tau hloov mus rau hauv ib lub tsev cia puav pheej, txawm hais tias xyoo 1966 cov phau ntawv sau tau raug xa mus rau lub tsev uas yog Ağalar Mosque. Cov ntawv sau pom muaj nyob hauv Turkish, Persian, Arabic, Greek, Latin, Armenian, Serbian, Hebrew thiab Syriac lus.
Phau ntawv sau
Muaj ntau pua txhiab tus ntawv sau nyob rau hauv Qaib Cov Txwv tab sis qhov loj tshaj plaws tuav yog nyob rau ntawm Süleymaniye Library, nyob rau hauv lub complex ntawm lub tsev nyob ib ncig ntawm lub mosque ntawm tib lub npe nyob rau hauv Istanbul. Ntau lub tsev qiv ntawv ntiag tug ntiag tug los ntawm lub sijhawm Ottoman tau sau tseg rau ntawd. Nws tsis yog thawj zaug tsim los ua lub tsev qiv ntawv, tab sis yog lub tsev kawm ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau xyoo 1927 nws tau txiav txim siab tias nws yuav tsum ua raws li lub tsev qiv ntawv uas sau cov ntawv sau, rov qab thiab txawm tias microfilmed. Tam sim no nws muaj nyob ib ncig ntawm 70,000 phau ntawv sau ua lus Askiv, Persian thiab Ottoman Turkish thiab lwm 50,000 phau ntawv luam tawm. Feem ntau ntawm cov phau ntawv yog ib feem ntawm ib tus neeg sau.
Millet Manuscript Library hauv Istanbul's Fatih koog tsev kawm ntawv tseem tuav cov ntawv sau thiab luam tawm los ntawm lub kaum ib txog rau xyoo pua kaum. Lub tsev, uas tseem tau tsim ua lub tsev kawm ntawv thaum xyoo 1700, tsis ntev los no tau rov qab los, thiab tuav ze li 7,000 phau ntawv sau thiab ze li 30,000 phau ntawv luam tawm hauv cov ntawv Arabic. Qee zaum nws raug xa mus rau Ali Emiri Library tom qab tus txiv neej uas tau pub nws cov ntawv sau rau nws thiab ua haujlwm rau nws cov tsev qiv ntawv rau ntau xyoo.
Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Atıf Efendi hauv Fatih koog tsev kawm ntawv muaj lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv sau, uas ntau dua 3,000 tau raug digitized. Lub tsev tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1741 los ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb tsoom fwv cov thawj coj nyob rau hauv lub reign ntawm Sultan Mahmud I.
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