Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani ndi oganiza omwe amagwira ntchito kunja kwa filosofi ya ku Europe 'pedigree'?
M'kabuku kakang'ono kokongola kwa wanthanthi wotchuka waku Europe Slavoj Zizek, yofalitsidwa posachedwa pa Al Jazeera, timawerenga:
Masiku ano, pali akatswiri ambiri afilosofi ofunikira komanso ogwira ntchito: Judith Butler ku United States, Simon Critchley ku England, Victoria Camps ku Spain, Jean-Luc Nancy ku France, Chantal Mouffe ku Belgium, Gianni Vattimo ku Italy, Peter Sloterdijk ku Germany ndi ku Slovenia. , Slavoj Zizek, osatchula ena omwe amagwira ntchito ku Brazil, Australia ndi China.
Chomwe chimakhudza owerenga nthawi yomweyo powona ndime yotsegulirayi ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya chopanda manyazi komanso chikhalidwe cha zomwe wolembayo amachitcha "filosofi lero" - motero kuyika chigamulo pa mutu ndi nthawi yomwe ili yachilendo komanso malo apadera ku Ulaya.
Ngakhale Judith Butler yemwe watchulidwa ngati chitsanzo kuchokera ku United States ndi wopangidwa kuchokera ku filosofi ya ku Ulaya, kuganiza kwinakwake pakati pa Derrida ndi Foucault, zomwe zinabweretsa kumvetsetsa kwathu za kugonana ndi kugonana.
Kunena zowona, China ndi Brazil (ndi Australia, yomwenso ndi kufalikira kwa ku Europe) amatchulidwa ngati malo afilosofi ena oyenerera kutchulidwa, koma palibe amene akuyenera kukhala ndi dzina lodziwika bwino lokhala pafupi ndi anthanthi otchuka aku Europe.
Funso siliri kufalikira kwa masomphenya afilosofi omwe afilosofi onse otchuka a ku Ulaya (komanso ku America ena) amagawana nawo komanso kuchokera kumadera akumidzi a Africa kupita kumidzi yakutali kwambiri ya India, China, Latin America, ndi Dziko lachiarabu ndi Muslim ("kuya ndi kutali", ndiko kuti, kuchokera ku malo ongopeka a ku Ulaya) akhoza kuphunzira ndikumvetsa bwino miyoyo yawo.
Izi ndizosaneneka, chifukwa popanda chidaliro chimenecho komanso kudzidzidzimutsa anzeru awa ndi miyambo yawo yamafilosofi omwe amayimira sangathe kuyika zonena zapadziko lonse lapansi pazomwe timakhulupirira, komanso sakanatha kuyika cholembera pamapepala kapena chala ku kiyibodi ndikulemba chiganizo. .
Oganiza kunja kwa Ulaya
Awa si anthanthi otchuka okha, koma filosofi yomwe amachita ili ndi kufalikira kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwa magawo ena a chidaliro chodzidalira popanda kuganiza komwe kungathe kutengera chilengedwe chonse.
Funso ndi linanso: Nanga bwanji anthu ena oganiza bwino omwe amagwira ntchito kunja kwa filosofi ya ku Ulaya, kaya amatsatira maganizo awo m'zinenero za ku Ulaya zomwe adatengera kapena m'zinenero zawo - ku Asia, ku Africa, ku Latin America, oganiza omwe adzipezera ulemu wa dzina, ndipo mwinanso mtundu wa "wanzeru pagulu" wosagwirizana kwambiri ndi Hannah Arendt, Jean-Paul Sartre, ndi Michel Foucault omwe pachidutswa ichi pa Al Jazeera amaperekedwa ngati otsogola a Zizek. ?
Kodi ndi "oganiza zaku South Asia" kapena "oganiza", momwe oganiza aku Europe awa alili? Kodi nchifukwa ninji ngati Mozart ayetsemula kuti ndi “nyimbo” (ndipo ndikutsimikiza ndithu kuti katswiri wamkuluyo anayetsemula molongosoka) koma nyimbo za raga zapamwamba kwambiri za ku India ndizo nkhani za “ethnomusicology”? ndi ziwerengero zotsogola monga Ashis Nandy, Partha Chatterjee, Gayatri Spivak, Ranajit Guha, Sudipta Kaviraj, Dipesh Chakrabarty, Homi Bhabha, kapena Akeel Bilgrami, amabwera palimodzi kuti apange phata la kuganiza komwe kumadzizindikira? Kodi gulu la nyenyezi limenelo likanayenerera liwu loti “kuganiza” m’njira imene ingayenerere mmodzi wa iwo—monga wa ku South Asia – ku mawu akuti “filosofi” kapena “anthu aluntha”? tingatchule bwanji ndi kutchula ndi kulemekeza ndi kuphunzira kuchokera kwa iwo ndi epithet ya "Public Intellectual" m'nthawi ya media media?
Kodi "ethnos" imeneyo sikugwiranso ntchito pamalingaliro afilosofi omwe afilosofi aku India amachita - kotero kuti kulingalira kwawo kumakhala nkhani ya Western Europe ndi North America anthropological field and research?
Titha kutembenuka ndikuyang'ana ku Africa. What about thinkers like Henry Odera Oruka, Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe, Okot p'Bitek, Taban Lo Liyong, Achille Mbembe, Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, Souleymane Bachir Diagne, VY Mudimbe: Would they qualify for the term “ filosofi" kapena "anthu aluntha" mwina, kapena ndi "ethnophilosophy"?
Chifukwa chiyani filosofi ya ku Ulaya ndi "filosofi", koma filosofi ya ku Africa ethnophilosophy, momwe nyimbo za ku India zilili ethnomusic - malingaliro a ethnographic omwe amachokera ku lingaliro lomwelo kuti ngati mutapita ku New York Museum of Natural History (yotchuka mu Shawn Levy's Usiku ku Museum [2006]), mumangowona nyama ndi anthu osakhala oyera ndi zikhalidwe zawo zikuwonetsedwa mkati mwa makola agalasi, koma palibe khola lomwe likuwonekera kwa azungu ndi zikhalidwe zawo - amangoyenda pazisumbu ndikusangalala ndi mphamvu ndi luso la kuyang'ana taxidermic Yaks, okhala m'mapanga, njovu, Eskimos, njati, Amwenye Achimereka, ndi zina zotero, zonse mumzere umodzi wokhotakhota.
Kuyang'ana komweku kumawonekeranso pakukumana ndi aluntha adziko lachiarabu kapena Asilamu: Azmi Bishara, Sadeq Jalal Al-Azm, Fawwaz Traboulsi, Abdallah Laroui, Michel Kilo, Abdolkarim Soroush. Mndandanda wa oganiza zodziwika bwino ndipo ulibe malire.
Ku Japan, Kojan Karatani, ku Cuba, Roberto Fernandez Retamar, kapena ngakhale ku United States anthu monga Cornel West, omwe kuganiza kwawo sikuli kwathunthu mu chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya - nanga bwanji iwo? Kodi amalowa kuti? Kodi angaganize - ndi zomwe amachitanso kuganiza, filosofi, zoyenera, mwina, kapena ndizoyeneranso kuyesedwa kwa ethnographic?
Funso la Eurocentricism tsopano ndi loyipa kwambiri. Zoonadi Azungu ndi Eurocentric ndipo amawona dziko kuchokera kumalo awo, ndipo chifukwa chiyani sayenera? Ndiwo olowa nawo maufumu angapo (omwe tsopano atha) ndipo amanyamulabe mkati mwawo ma phantom hubris a maufumuwo ndipo amaganiza kuti filosofi yawo ndi "filosofi" ndipo malingaliro awo enieni ndi "kuganiza", ndi china chilichonse - monga wamkulu. Wafilosofi waku Europe Immanuel Levinas ankakonda kunena kuti - "kuvina".
Funso ndi momwe malingaliro omwe si a ku Europe angafikire pakudzizindikira komanso kuzindikirika konsekonse, osati pamtengo wa nzeru zilizonse zaku Europe zomwe angadziganizire padziko lonse lapansi, koma ndi cholinga chopereka zina (zowonjezera kapena zotsutsana. ) masomphenya a zenizeni okhazikika kwambiri muzochitika za moyo wa anthu ku Africa, ku Asia, ku Latin America - zigawo ndi climes kamodzi pansi pa kutchulidwa kwa chinthu chomwe chimadzitcha "Kumadzulo" koma mosangalala palibenso.
Njira zamaganizidwe amakono padziko lonse lapansi sizingochitika zokha munthawi yathu komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana, koma zimakhala zozama komanso zokulirapo zomwe zimabwereranso ku mibadwo yakale ya oganiza kuyambira José Marti mpaka Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, to Aime Cesaire, WEB DuBois, Liang Qichao, Frantz Fanon, Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi, etc.
Ndiye funso limakhalabe chifukwa chiyani si ulemu wa "filosofi" komanso komwe chidwi cha anthropological cha "ethnophilosophy"?
Tiyeni tifunefune yankho ku Europe komwe - koma kuchokera ku subaltern ya Europe.
'The Intellectuals as a Cosmopolitan Stratum'
Mwa iye Zolemba Zakundende, Antonio Gramsci ali ndi zokambirana zazifupi za mawu otchuka a Kant mu Zoyambira za Metaphysics of Morals (1785) zomwe ndizovuta kwambiri pakumvetsetsa kwathu zomwe zimafunika kuti wanthanthi kuti adziganizire padziko lonse lapansi, kudziyesa yekha ngati muyeso ndi gawo la dziko lapansi. Zolinga za Gramsci ndizofunikira apa - ndipo umu ndi momwe amayambira:
Mfundo ya Kant yakuti “chitani m’njira yoti khalidwe lanu likhale lozolowereka kwa anthu onse amene ali ndi vuto lofananalo” si losavuta komanso lodziwikiratu monga mmene limaonekera poyamba. Kodi 'mikhalidwe yofanana' ikutanthauza chiyani?
Kunena zowona, komanso monga Quintin Hoare ndi Geoffrey Nowell Smith (olemba ndi omasulira a kumasulira kwa Chingerezi kwa Gramsci's Zolemba Zakundende) zindikirani, Gramsci pano akunena molakwika Kant, ndi kuti “mikhalidwe yofananayo” siyikupezeka m’malemba oyambirira, pamene wanthanthi Wachijeremani akuti: “Sindiyenera kuchita mwanjira ina koposa kotero kuti inenso ndikadafuna kuti malingaliro anga akhale lamulo la dziko lonse.” Mfundo imeneyi, yotchedwa "categorical imperative", ndiye maziko enieni a Kantian ethics.
Kotero pamene Kant amati "lamulo la chilengedwe chonse", Gramsci akuti, "chizoloŵezi cha amuna onse", ndiyeno akuwonjezera "zikhalidwe zofanana", zomwe siziri mu Chijeremani choyambirira.
Zomwe Gramsci amapeza, monga kuzunzika kumwera kwa Italy m'ndende za European fascism, ndizomwe ku Brooklyn timazitcha. chutzpa, kudziganiza kuti ndiwe pakati pa chilengedwe chonse, kudzidalira komwe kumapatsa wafilosofiyo kuti panache ndi ulamuliro woganiza mu absolutists ndi mawu ofotokozera. Mapeto a Gramsci ndiakuti chifukwa chomwe Kant amatha kunena zomwe akunena ndikupereka machitidwe ake monga momwe amayendera ponseponse ndikuti "Maganizo a Kant akuwonetsa chikhalidwe chimodzi, chipembedzo chimodzi, "padziko lonse lapansi"… nthawi, ndi chidziwitso cha cosmopolitan ndi lingaliro lovuta la wolemba. Mwachidule, zimagwirizana ndi filosofi ya aluntha monga gulu la cosmopolitan stratum ".
Choncho wothandizila ndi amene amanyamula "mikhalidwe yofanana" ndi mlengi wawo. Ndiko kuti, “ayenera” kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi “chitsanzo” chimene angafune kuti chifalikire pakati pa anthu onse, malinga ndi mtundu wa chitukuko chimene kubwera kumene iye akugwirira ntchito—kapena kuti “akukaniza” kutetezedwa kwake. kuwopseza kupasuka kwake.
Ndizowona kuti kudzidalira, kudzidalira, kulimba mtima kudziganiza kuti ndinu wothandizira mbiri yakale yomwe imathandizira woganiza kuganiza kuti malingaliro ake ndi "Kuganiza" m'mawu onse, ndi filosofi yake "Philosophy" ndi malo ake a mzinda " The Public Space”, motero iye ndi Public Intellectual wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi.
Choncho pali kulumikizana kwachindunji komanso kosasinthika pakati pa ufumu, kapena mawonekedwe achifumu, ndi kuganiziridwa kwachilengedwe chonse kwa woganiza mozama m'zifuwa za ufumuwo.
Monga anthu ena onse, Azungu ali ndi ufulu wodzidalira okha.
The hubris yachifumu yomwe idapangitsa kuti Eurocentricism ikupangabe zidziwitso zamtundu womwe timawerenga mu Al Jazeera wa Zizek ndizomwe zimakumbukira nthawi yomwe "Azungu" adatsimikizira chidaliro komanso chidziwitso cha chilengedwe chake chonse komanso dziko lonse lapansi, kapena monga Gramsci anati, "ku mtundu wa chitukuko chomwe kubwera kwake akugwira ntchito".
Koma padziko lonse lapansi kulibenso - anthu ochokera kumadera onse ndi kontinenti iliyonse ali ndi chidwi chofuna kudzinenera kuti ali padziko lonse lapansi komanso ali ndi kuthekera kwawo kobadwa nako kuganiza mopitilira malire a Eurocentricism, yomwe motsimikiza ikadali ndi ufulu wazosangalatsa zamalingaliro. palokha pakati pa chilengedwe chonse. "Zofanana" za Gramscian tsopano zikuwonekera m'mawu angapo a anthu omasulidwa.
Padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka dziko la Aarabu ndi Asilamu, likukumana ndi kusintha kwa mbiri padziko lonse lapansi - zosinthazi zatulutsa oganiza bwino, olemba ndakatulo, ojambula, ndi aluntha pagulu pakati pamalingaliro awo amakhalidwe ndi ndale - kuganiza ndi kuchita molingana ndi malingaliro awo. nthawi yomweyo zapadziko lonse lapansi pazotsatira zake komanso zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Poyerekeza ndi matsunami omwe akumasula omwe tsopano akutembenuzira dziko lapansi, malingaliro osadziwika bwino a ku Ulaya ndi filosofi yomwe ikuchulukirachulukira yomwe ikuchulukirachulukira ndi mkuntho mu chikho. Kuchepetsedwa kukhala gawo lake labwino la anthu onse, komanso monga makontinenti ena onse ndi nyengo, Europe ili ndi zambiri zoti iphunzitse dziko lapansi, koma tsopano pamasewera ademokalase, pomwe nzeru zake ndi nzeru zaku Europe osati "Philosophy" , nyimbo zake nyimbo za ku Ulaya osati "Music", ndipo palibe infomercial ingakhale yofunikira kuti agulitse aluntha ake pagulu monga "Public Intellectuals".
Hamid Dabashi ndi Pulofesa wa Hagop Kevorkian wa Iranian Studies and Comparative Literature ku Columbia University ku New York. Mwa mabuku ake aposachedwa ndi Dziko la Persian Literary Humanism (2012).
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