Zojambula Zachisilamu zimasiyana kwambiri ndi Zojambula Zakumadzulo chifukwa cha zoletsa zomwe zili mu Koran pakuwonetsa mawonekedwe amunthu. M'malo moyimira dziko lotukwana, ungwiro wa zaluso za Ottoman uli munjira yoyenera yamtundu, mzere ndi kamvekedwe kamitundu ndi mapangidwe.
Pazojambula za Ottoman, Calligraphy inali yofunika kwambiri. Zinthu wamba monga malipoti amisonkho, zikalata za katundu ndi malamulo a mfumu zinakhala ntchito zaluso kwambiri. Izi zikuwonetsa bwino momwe ufumuwo ulili, komanso kupsinjika kwake pa kulemba ndi kulembetsa. Olemba ma calligrapher aku Turkey adathandizira kuti pakhale mitundu yatsopano komanso yokongoletsedwa ya calligraphy. Aliyense wa ma sultani anali ndi monogram yawoyake m'mawu olembedwa, otchedwa Tugra. Sultan Ahmet III ndi Sultan Bayezit II anali akatswiri odziwa kulemba mawu. Mu 1928, Ataturk anayambitsa zilembo zachilatini, zomwe zimamveka ngati imfa ya luso la Arabic calligraphy ku Turkey. Zambiri mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu zidasungidwa m'malo osungira zakale a Ottoman ndipo zitha kuwonedwa ku Topkapi Palace ndi Ibrahim Pasha Museum (Museum of Turkey and Islamic Arts).
Pepala la marbled kapena "Ebru" ndi zojambulajambula zomwe zinapangidwa ku Turkey m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu. Utoto wa mchere ndi masamba umawazidwa pamadzi osakanikirana ndi chingamu ndi ndulu yamadzi a ng'ombe, pomwe pepala limayikidwa, ndikupanga mawonekedwe apadera komanso osabwerezabwereza. Mwachizoloŵezi, pepalali linkagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malire a mapepala a Ottoman ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, komanso zophimba zamkati ndi masamba a mabuku. Masiku ano mapepala opangidwa ndi nsangalabwi ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zimenezi, ngakhale kuti luso la kugometsa likupitirirabe.
Meerschaum (Lületasi) ndi mchere womwe umapezeka ku Turkey kokha, kumene mapaipi ndi zokongoletsera zakhala zikujambula pamanja kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1700. Meerschaum, mosiyana ndi zomwe anthu ambiri amakhulupirira, sizinthu zotsalira za zolengedwa za m'nyanja, koma mchere: Hydrous Magnesium Silicate. , amapezeka kuchokera mamita 30 mpaka 450 pansi pa dziko lapansi pafupi ndi tauni ya Eskisehir. Magnesium ya Meerschaum imapereka mphamvu pomwe haidrojeni ndi okosijeni zimathandizira kuti pakhale porosity. Monga chimodzi mwazinthu zopepuka komanso zowoneka bwino m'chilengedwe, Meerschaum ndi fyuluta yachilengedwe. Kuyamwa kwachilengedwe kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti chitolirocho chisinthe pang'onopang'ono mtundu, kenako kusanduka bulauni, ndikusefa chikonga. Monga anthu aku Turkey ochepa amasuta mapaipi, amapangidwa makamaka kuti azitumiza kunja.
Pansi pa Byzantines Constantinople (Istanbul) idatsala pang'ono kubweza ndalama zopezera silika wambiri kuchokera ku China kudzera munjira ya silika, yofunikira kupanga zovala ndi zokongoletsera zachipembedzo zambiri. M’zaka za m’ma XNUMX, mazira angapo a mbozi za silika omwe ankawateteza kwambiri anabedwa ndi amonke awiri a ku Russia n’kuwabweretsa ku Constantinople. Kupanga silika kunakhala bizinesi yayikulu, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku Bursa, ndipo idalandiridwa ndi Ottoman pomwe adalowa m'malo mwa Byzantines. Masiku ano, Bursa akadali malo ofunika kwambiri opangira nsalu, otchuka chifukwa cha njira zake zopangira utoto wamchere.
Luso lodzikongoletsera liyenera kuti linkayenda kumadzulo ndi anthu osamukasamuka a ku Turkic ochokera kumayiko aku Central Asia. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri; zida zankhondo za asitikali a Selcuk ndi Ottoman zidaphatikizapo mahema, mabwalo, zikwangwani, zishalo ndi ma holsters okongoletsedwa bwino ndi zithunzi ndi zochitika zankhondo, zambiri zomwe zimasungidwa ku Military Museum ku Harbiye, Istanbul. Zopachika zachipembedzo za mizikiti, makapeti opempherera ndi milandu ya Korani zidakutidwa ndi maluwa okongola amitundu yofewa yophatikizidwa ndi siliva ndi golide. Zinthu zambiri za tsiku ndi tsiku, monga matawulo, zophimba pabedi ndi zotchinga zinali zokongoletsedwa mofananamo. Kwa Khothi la Ottoman, zokometsera za silika ndi ma velveti zinali zokongoletsedwa pazifukwa zamwambo, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wagolide kapena siliva pa velveti wofiirira. Mapangidwe a nsalu ankatengera mawonekedwe a geometric ndi maluwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga silika ndi silika wolukidwa, ngakhale kuti zithunzi ndi masitayelo zimasiyana m'mudzi ndi mudzi. Koma mapangidwe a tulip nthawi zonse amakhala ndi malo apadera m'mitima ya anthu. Zovala zina zinali kugulitsidwa m’mashopu mmene amuna ndi akazi ena achikristu ankagwirira ntchito, koma khalidwe ndi chiyambi cha ntchito imeneyi zinali zotsika pang’ono. Azimayi am'nyumba ya akazi ankapanga ntchito zabwino kwambiri za malowolo awo (Çeyiz) kapena trousseaux ndikukongoletsa zipinda zawo zaukwati pausiku wawo waukwati. Zojambulajambulazi zidafika pachimake pazaka za zana la 16 ndipo zidatsitsimutsidwanso zaka 100 zapitazo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Girls Technical Schools komwe zimaphunzitsidwabe. Zitsanzo zabwino zambiri zitha kuwoneka mu Topkapi Museum ndi Sadberk Hanim Museum ku Sariyer - Istanbul, kapena kugula ku Grand Bazaar.
Monga zaluso zachikhalidwe kulikonse, zokometsera zikuphedwa ndiukadaulo wotchipa. Komabe, agogo aakazi ambiri amakhalabe ndi nthawi yokongoletsa zofunda ndi zovala za zidzukulu zawo. Malo ochezera a Black Sea ku Sile amagwira ntchito yopanga zovala za thonje, matawulo ndi nsalu zatebulo.
Kujambula ku Turkey kumadzulo kunangoyamba m'zaka za zana la 19, ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi Osman Hamdi Bey, mwiniwake wojambula bwino, wa Academy of Fine Arts. Ojambula a ku Turkey anatumizidwa ku France ndi Italy ndi Sultan, ndipo ojambula akunja, makamaka a ku Italy, anabweretsedwa kuchokera ku Ulaya kuti atumize luso lawo. Masiku ano sukuluyi imadziwika kuti Mimar Sinan University.
Zojambula za Ottoman zinali makamaka zamitundu yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa, kupatula Ting'onoting'ono ta ku Turkey. Ma Sultan ndi anthu apamwamba omwe ankatsatira luso lojambula nthawi zambiri limeneli, ankasunga zojambula zawo kuti aziwonere payekha, poopa changu chachipembedzo cha anthu. Ojambula ang'onoang'ono adagawidwa m'magulu awiri; amene ankapenta zojambulajambula ndi maluwa okongoletsera, ndi chiwerengero chocheperako, ambiri mwa iwo omwe sanali Asilamu, omwe ankajambula zithunzi, kuzinga ndi zochitika zankhondo. Zing'onozing'ono za ku Turkey sizodziwika ngati za Perisiya, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosuntha komanso zamphamvu, chifukwa cha mithunzi yamphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuyang'anitsitsa tsatanetsatane.
Munali m’zaka za m’ma 19 pamene gulu la ku Turkey lojambula zithunzi kumayiko a azungu linakhazikitsidwa, ndi Osman Hamdi Bey wa Academy of Fine Arts (yomwe tsopano ndi Mimar Sinan University School of Fine Arts). A Sultan anayamba kubweretsa ojambula akunja, makamaka a ku Italy kapena Achifalansa, kuti azikhala ngati opaka m’khoti, ndipo ojambula a ku Turkey anatumizidwa kunja kukaphunzira kuchokera kwa akatswiri a ku Ulaya. Pakati pa odziwika bwino mwa ojambula oyambirira a Ottoman ndi Osman Hamdi Bey, Seker Ahmet Pasha, Hoca Ali Riza, Sevket Dag , Ahmet Ziya ndi Halil Pasha. Iwo anali makamaka ojambula malo, okhala ndi zithunzi zochepa. Mu 1919 Ottoman Society of Painters idachita chiwonetsero chawo choyamba ku Galatasaray - Istanbul. Nkhondo itatha, kukopa chidwi kunakhudza kwambiri ojambula a ku Turkey. Wojambula wopambana kwambiri anali Halil Pasha. Kujambula kunapitilira kukula mpaka zaka makumi atatu ndi makumi anayi, ndikugogomezera kwambiri mapangidwe ndi nkhani. Mayendedwe ang'onoang'ono komanso a cubist anali otchuka ku Turkey, ojambula odziwika bwino amtunduwu ndi Sabri Berkel, Halil Dikmen, Cemal Bingöl ndi Semsettin Arel. Ojambula amasiku ano aku Turkey salinso omangika pamutu kapena mapangidwe awo akale, ndipo njira zambiri ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri ambiri ogwira ntchito masiku ano. Pali chiŵerengero chochulukirachulukira cha malo owonetsera zojambulajambula omwe akuwonetsa maluso achichepere awa, ndi ziwonetsero zanthawi zonse za ntchito zatsopano.
ZIBALE ZA TURKISH
Chibangili ndi mtundu wakale kwambiri wa zodzikongoletsera zaumunthu, ndipo mapangidwe a zitsanzo zakale kwambiri zomwe zatsala zikusonyeza kuti, monga mitundu ina yambiri ya zodzikongoletsera, poyamba anali mawonekedwe a chithumwa kapena chithumwa chamatsenga. Zibangili zoyamba zinali zopangidwa ndi matabwa, miyala, ndi zitsulo zofewa zomwe zimachitika mwachibadwa muzitsulo zawo zachitsulo, makamaka golide ndi mkuwa .Pamene teknoloji inakula m'zaka zikwi zambiri zinakhala zotheka kuchotsa ndi kugwira ntchito siliva ndi zitsulo zina. Masiku ano zibangili zatchuka kwambiri monga kale. Mwachizoloŵezi amagwera m'magulu awiri, zomwe tingatchule kuti zachikale zotsanzira mitundu yakale, ndi mapangidwe amakono m'mawonekedwe achilendo ndi oyambirira.
Azimayi onse, kuchokera kwa mfumukazi m'nyumba yake yachifumu mpaka mkazi wakumidzi m'nyumba yake, kaya ndalama zawo kapena chikhalidwe chawo, akhala akusangalala kuvala zibangili. Koma kupatula makhalidwe awo okongoletsera, zibangili zakhala ndi ntchito zina. Mwachitsanzo, zibangili zamkuwa amakhulupirirabe kuti zimachepetsa ululu m'malo olumikizirana mafupa, ndipo kale zibangili zokhala ndi agate, mwala womwe umadziwika kuti ndi wopatulika pakati pa anthu aku Turkey, amakhulupirira kuti umateteza woluka kuti asalumidwe ndi nyama zakupha. Miyala yamagazi, panthawiyi, amakhulupirira kuti imasiya kutuluka.
Zibangili zagolide zokongoletsedwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali zinkakondedwa ndi anthu olemera, koma siliva ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga zibangili zabwino kwambiri zomwe miyala yamitundu yosiyanasiyana imawonekera motsutsana ndi chitsulo choyera kuti chikhale chodabwitsa kwambiri. Silver amapirira ntchito yomanga ndi kuleza mtima konse kwa dervish kuzunzika ndi kuponderezedwa. Kukatentha kofiira kumakokedwa muwaya, kapena kuikidwa pa bedi la phula ndi zojambula pamwamba pake. Wokhala ndi miyala, mapatani opangidwa kuti apange mapangidwe a niello, golide wokutidwa ndi mercury, kapena wokongoletsedwa ndi madontho ting'onoting'ono asiliva kuti apange miyala yamtengo wapatali yotchedwa Güverse, chibangilicho chimamaliza kuyesa kwake ndi moto pamwala ndipo chakonzeka kuzungulira dzanja la wokondedwa.
Njira zina zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kapena kukongoletsa zibangili zasiliva. Chimodzi mwazokondeka kwambiri ndi filigree, ndi mitundu yofananira yolukidwa ndi waya wozungulira kapena wosalala wasiliva. Chinanso ndi chosema. Nthawi zambiri njira ziwiri kapena zingapo zimaphatikizidwa mu chibangili chimodzi, ndipo njira zina zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo omwe amapangidwa kawirikawiri, monga Trabzon Hasiri - mtundu wa chibangili cha filigree, Kayseri Burmasi ndi Halep isi.
Ngakhale m'mbuyomu mazana amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chibangili adapangidwa, nthawi zambiri mmisiri yemweyo amapanga mitundu ingapo kapena kupanga zatsopano zake, zibangili zochepa zakale zaku Turkey zidapulumuka. Ngakhale mayina amene ankadziwika nawo nthawi zambiri sakumbukiridwa masiku ano. Komanso mitundu yomwe imadziwika pambuyo pa mizinda yomwe idapangidwira kwambiri, panali mayina ofotokoza mawonekedwe, monga kabara (bwana), kubbeli (domed), zincirli (chain), koruklu ndi tankli (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti bascavus) zibangili.
zibangili zomwe zimavalidwa pachigono zimatchedwa halhal, mawu achiarabu otanthauza akakolo. Izi zimavalidwa m'mayiko ambiri kuchokera ku Africa kupita ku India, kuphatikizapo kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Turkey. Kale halhal inkapangidwa kuchokera ku tizigawo tozungulira tozungulira tokhala ndi timikanda tating'onoting'ono tachitsulo, kotero kuti kamvekedwe kake kamvekedwe kabwino komanso kowoneka bwino. Azimayi akumidzi ankakonda kwambiri ana awo kuti akakhala otanganidwa ndi ntchito m’minda ndi m’minda ya zipatso azimva kumene akusewera ngakhale osaoneka, ndipo akasochera akachenjezedwa ndi phokosolo.
Masiku ano, pali zibangili zambiri zokongoletsera zopangidwa ndi mikanda ya Nazar Bonjuk.
