Nyika inoda kuve nzanga yemazuva ano ine yakasimba yepakati kirasi, asi izvi zvinogona kuitwa pasina munhu wese ari muchikepe?
Kunze kwemusha wemushandi wekugara kweawa kubva kuShanghai, Zhang Weihua neshamwari vari kukurukura nemufaro mitengo yemafiriji. Vazhinji vanoda kutenga imwe yechipiri-ruoko kuchengetedza mari.
Pave nemakore masere kubva Zhang nemurume wake vakasiya hupenyu hwavo sevarimi kumaruwa edunhu reHenan ndokuenda nechikepe kuSuzhou Industrial Park. Tarisiro yavo yaive yekutora nhanho imwe chete kukwira pamanera enzanga yeChinese - kubva kuvarimi kuenda kune vanotama - uye, kana hupenyu hwakavabata zvakanaka, kune vanoshuvira vepakati.
Iyo Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP), yaimbove mubatanidzwa pakati pehurumende dzeSingapore neChina, muenzaniso unopenya wechishuwo cheChina chekuvandudza, kuita maindasitiri uye kuita maguta. "Takaona kukura kweavhareji yegore negore kwe30 muzana uye takagadzira hupenyu huri nani kuvanhu vazhinji," anodaro Liu Jie, mutungamiriri weSIP's media center. “Vanhu vanogona chaizvo kunakidzwa neupenyu hwemazuva ano kuno.”
Liu akamira pauriri hwepamusoro hweSIP manejimendi chivakwa achitarisa pamusoro pehumambo uhwu hwemapaki akashongedzwa, zvitoro, mahotera enyeredzi shanu, mafekitori emakambani eFortune 500 uye nzira dzakamisikidzwa nemichindwe - chimiro cheSingapore. Chishongo chekorona mudenga chezvikwiriso zvenyanza ndiyo shongwe itsva yenzvimbo inonzi "The Oriental Gate" - kana kuti "Giant Long Johns", sekudaidzwa kwayakaitwa nevagari venzvimbo vane manyemwe vachiona kufanana kwayo nechipfeko chemukati.
| "Urbanization ndeimwe yeanonyanya kukosha madhiraivha ekukura kwakasimba kweChina mumakumi maviri emakore anotevera."
– Haibin Zhu, JP Morgan Chase nyanzvi munyaya dzezvehupfumi |
Makore gumi namashanu apfuura, nzvimbo iyi yakanga yakafukidzwa neminda yemupunga. Nhasi Suzhou inoonekwa senhau yebudiriro yenyika. Iri kushandura kubva pakurima, kugadzira, hupfumi hwakanangana nekutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika kuenda kune hutsva, hwepamusoro-soro, hupfumi hunoenderana nebasa. Ikozvino, China iri kutarisira kudzokorora zvakaitika kuno kune imwe nyika, uye kugarisana kwemaguta kunoonekwa sekiyi mukuita kuti zviitike.
"Zviri pakati pekuderera kwehupfumi uye chinangwa chekukura kweGDP, China iri kutsvaga nzira dzekuwedzera kudiwa kwepamba uye nekuita kuti kukura kweGDP kusatsamire nekudyara," anodaro Haibin Zhu, mukuru weJP Morgan Chase China economist. "Kugara mumaguta ndechimwe chezvikonzero zvakakosha mukukura kwakasimba kweChina mumakore makumi maviri anotevera."
Kugariswa kwemadhorobha kunofungidzirwa kuti kunowedzera kudiwa kwezvivakwa, kunatsiridza mhando yemabasa eruzhinji, uye pakupedzisira kuwedzera China inodya yepakati kirasi uye nekudaro inowedzera kushandiswa. "Kugara mumaguta kuchawedzera kushandiswa, kunyanya kana kwakabatanidzwa nekuderedza kusaenzana kwemari," anodaro Zhu. Nhasi chete 18.2 muzana, kana vanhu vangangosvika mamirioni mazana maviri nemakumi mana nenomwe, vanokodzera kuve vepakati-kirasi muChina, sekureva kweBrookings Institute economist Homi Kharas.
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinopokana kuti makirasi epakati eChina haasati ava vatengi vane simba. Kam Wing Chan, purofesa we geography paUniversity yeWashington, anoti kunyange hazvo huwandu hwevaChina vakadzidza kukoreji hwakakura, vazhinji vavo - kunyanya vanotama - havapedzisire vasina kuita mari yakawanda.
The hukou maitiro
Vanhu vekuChina vanotama havave vagari vemudhorobha vane mhanza kana vasvika muguta. The hukou kana kuti hurongwa hwekunyoreswa kwedzimba hunozivisa zviri pamutemo munhu semugari weimwe nzvimbo (kunyanya, kwaakaberekerwa amai vake) uye anomaka munhu wacho semushandi wekurima kana asiri wezvekurima. Kodzero dzevanhu hadzibatike mumapurovhinzi ese, saka vazhinji vevanotama vanouya kumaguta havawane mabasa eruzhinji. Sezvo vari “vekunze”, vanofanira kubhadhara mabasa akadai sezveutano nedzidzo yavo nevana vavo.
Kusaenzana muChina kunobva zvakanyanya kubva kumaruwa-mumaguta mukaha mukuwana mabasa nemasevhisi. Chimwe chiri kuomesa nyaya iyi inyaya yekuti kunaka kwemabasa ehurumende kwadzikira kumaruwa. "Izvi hazvikonzeri mutsauko mukuru pakati pevagari vemumaguta nemaruwa, asi zvinoumba mapoka maviri evagari vemumaguta," Chan anoratidza.
Mukutanga kweMao era, vanotama vaisabvumidzwa kupinda mumaguta, usambonetseka kushanda ikoko. Mushure mekuvandudzwa kwehupfumi, zvakave zvichiita kutama zvisiri pamutemo uye kutora basa kunze kweromunhu hukou dunhu. Zvakadaro, mapurisa achiri kutenderwa kuunganidza vanhu vasina mvumo hukou.
"The hukou sisitimu yakapa China dziva rakakura rekushandisa zvakanyanya, zvakachipa," Chan anoti. Sistimu iyi yakasimudzira hupfumi hwekugadzira-hwakavakirwa kuChina, asi nekuchinja kuri kuita zvishuwo zveBeijing, vazhinji vanogadzira mitemo nenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi vanoona hurongwa uhu sehuchisina basa. Kuti China izadzise chinangwa chayo chekuwedzera kirasi yepakati uye kuwedzera mashandisirwo, inoda huwandu hwakakomba hwevashandi vane hunyanzvi kwete basa rakachipa.
Makumi matatu amakore apfuura, vasingasviki chikamu chimwe muzvishanu chevagari vomuChina vaigara mumaguta; nhasi hafu do. Maererano naChi Fulin, mukuru mukuru webazi rehurumende reChina Institute of Reform and Development, vanhu vokuChina vari kutarisirwa kuwedzera kusvika pamamiriyoni 607 panosvika gore ra2020. Vanhu vakawanda vanodirana mumaguta vanotsvaka basa uye vanotambira mari yakawanda; vamwe vakagariswa patsva sechikamu chechirongwa chehurumende chekusunungura minda uye "kupa vanoenda kumaruwa zvemudhorobha".
The hukou sisitimu yakabatsira kudzora kuwanda kwevanotamira kumaruwa vachienda kumaguta, kuchengetedza kugadzikana munharaunda uye, pamwe muchidimbu, kudzivirira nzvimbo dzakaita sefavela padyo nemaguta makuru eChina. Asi gwaro rakabatana neChina Institute of Reform and Development neWorld Bank rinoti hukou system mukufamba kwenguva inozokanganisa kukura nekudzikisira kufamba kwevashandi.
Zvakadaro, shanduko inogona kunetsa: hurumende dzemuno hadzina zvinokurudzira kana zviwanikwa zvekuwedzera mabasa eruzhinji kune vanotama nemhuri dzavo. Kugadziridzwa kukuru kwehurongwa hwemari hweChina kwaizodiwa kuitira kugadzirisa hurongwa uhu, inodaro mushumo.
"Kana China ichida kugadzira kirasi ine simba rekudya yepakati uye kubudirira nekugara mumaguta semutyairi akakosha mukukura, hukou hurongwa hunofanira kuenda uye hurongwa hwemari hunofanirwa kuvandudzwa,” anodaro Chan. Maonero ake anofananawo naZhu, uyo anotsanangura kuti: “Ipapo chete vashandi vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vachabvumirwa kukwira munzanga, kuwana dzidzo iri nani, kukwikwidza mabasa akanakisisa uye kuwana mihoro yakakwirira.”
Kuvavarira vepakati
| "Tine pombi, mvura inopisa nemagetsi saka izvi zviri nani pane zvataiva nazvo kumba."
– Zhang Weihua |
“Patakauya kuSuzhou, takatozosiya vana vedu vaviri nevabereki vangu muRuwa rweHenan nekuda kwemhosva hukou zvirambidzo, ”anodaro Zhang. “Pakanga pasina nzira yataizobhadharira vana vedu chikoro neutano muguta nemuhoro wedu. Ipapo tingadai takagara tiri varimi. "
Asi mari yaanowana kuSuzhou ndiyo yaita kuti akwanise kubhadhara mari yechikoro chemwanasikana wake. Iye zvino mwanasikana wake mukuru anodzidza engineering kuyunivhesiti. "Handina kuzvikudza," Zhang akadaro. Kushanda nesimba kwaakaita seweta, mubatsiri wekicheni uye nemuchenesi zvakazomubatsira. Mwanasikana waZhang arikuvavarira vepakati.
Zhang anorenda imba ine mwero pakati peSIP nzvimbo ye1500 rmb ($240) pamwedzi. Imba yake ine mukoridho iyo inoshandawo sekicheni, imba yekutandarira inoshanda seimba yekurara, uye yekugezera isingadhuri. “Tine pombi, mvura inopisa nemagetsi saka izvi zviri nani pane zvataiva nazvo kumba,” vanodaro. Muhoro wake wepamwedzi i4,200 rmb ($670). Kana apedza kubhadhara rendi, imwe mari inoenda kuvatezvara vake, vabereki vake, dzidzo yemwanasikana wake, kana kuti mari yaakachengeta. Kunyanya kune vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika, mari yekuchengetedza inzira yekuchengetedza kana paine matambudziko ehutano kana kurasikirwa nebasa. China ndiyo ine mwero wepamusoro wekuchengetedza pasi rose.
“NezveGore Idzva reChinese hongbao [bhonasi kubva kumushandirwi], ndingazopedzisira ndatenga firiji yakashandiswa. Zvinozoita kuti hupenyu hwangu huve nyore sezvo ndisingazoende kumusika mazuva ese,” anodaro Zhang. Zvichida rimwe zuva, achakwanisa kutenga firiji itsva. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, achafanira kuvimba nevana vake kuti vawane mukana wekupinda mukirasi yepakati.
Zvichakadaro, havasi vese vane rombo rakanaka saZhang. Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, kunyangwe iyo yekupedzisira-yemazuva ano SIP yaive nenzvimbo dzeshantytown. Vatsva vanosvika vasina mari uye vasina mabasa vakatamira mudzimba dzisina vanhu ndokugadzira nzvimbo yekugara ine hupenyu ine misika yevhiki nevhiki pakati pemarara nemarara. Dzakawanda dzenzvimbo idzi dzaenda zvino. Mumwe murume akati akanga asingazivi zvokuita apo imba “yake” yakaputswa. “Sezvo yaisava imba yangu pakutanga, mhuri yangu haina kodzero yekuripwa. Asi pari zvino ndava nebasa,” anodaro.
Al Jazeera
