Midzi yekubhanga inodzokera ku13th-century Italy, asi yakabudirira panguva uye mushure meRevolution Revolution, iyo mhedzisiro yakaunzawo mabhanga system kuOttoman Empire.
Maitiro ekubhengi akatanga kubuda muItaly muzana ramakore rechi 13 uye akapararira pasirese nenguva. Mabhangi akatanga kushanda sezvivakwa zvine mukurumbira muEurope uko zviitiko zvebhizinesi zvakakura zvakanyanya mushure meiyo Industrial Revolution. Panguva iyoyo, Humambo hweOttoman hwaive nehukama hwakasimba hwebhizinesi neEurope, uye muenzaniso wekutanga wezvivakwa zvebhangi muHumambo hweOttoman wakatanga kubuda mumazuva iwayo.
Yakaropafadzwa mukudzorera chikwereti
Hurumende yeOttoman yakakwereta kubva kune vaviri vaichinja mari vakashanda sevabhengi vemazuva ano vaigara munharaunda yeGalata muna 1845. Sezvo chibvumirano chaidiwa, vatsinhanisi vemari vakakochekera mitero kumapaundi eBritish sterling, uye mukudzoka, vakabvumirwa kuwana mabhangi ega. Saka, bhangi rekutanga reOttoman rakavambwa muna 1847 pasi pezita rekuti Bank-ı Der Saadet. Asi, bhanga rakanga risina mari. Sezvo mabhiri ayo akagamuchirwa uye akatenderedzwa nekuda kwemukurumbira wevakavamba, kuumbwa kwacho kwakaparara mushure mechinguva chidiki.
Iine guta guru reBritain, Bank-ı Osmani (Ottoman Bank), iyo muzinda wayo uri muLondon, yakavambwa muna 1856. Nekupinda kweguta guru reFrance muna 1863, bhangi rakaenderera mberi nezita rekuti Bank-ı Osmani-i Şahane ese ari maviri. bhangi repakati uye nzvimbo yebhizinesi nekudyara. Muna 1877, hurumende yakakwereta kubva kune vaichinja mari muGalata neOttoman Bank yeHondo yeRusso-Turkish ya1877-78.
Bhangi reOttoman rinoonekwa sebhangi rekutanga remazuva ano muHumambo hweOttoman uye neRepublic yemazuva ano. Bhangi rakatombova neropafadzo yekugadzira mari. Yakaenderera mberi nekushanda kwenguva yakareba mushure mekuvambwa kweiyo Republic of Turkey yemazuva ano pasi pezita reOttoman Bank. Yakavambwa ine capital yakatumirwa kuAnkara nemaMuslim maIndia aida kutsigira hurumende yeTurkey muhondo yavo nemaGreek muna 1920, İş Bank yakave mukwikwidzi weOttoman Bank semumiriri weIstanbul capital uye akakunda kurwa, achiva mutungamiriri we. hurongwa hutsva hwemari hwenyika. Mune mamwe mazwi, yaive Ankara yakakunda Istanbul.
Domestic capital muSecurity Fund
Mushure meOttoman Bank, mabhanga akati wandei - ese evatorwa - akavhurwa nekufamba kwenguva. Sezvo vese İş Bank neOttoman Bank vakavambwa nemari yekunze, vaipa zvikwereti zvakanyanya kune vatengesi vekunze. Nokudaro, vagari vomunzvimbomo vakaenda kune vaichinja mari, vanenge vakawanda vavo vakanga vasiri vaMuslim kana kuti kuhofisi yehurumende, iyo yaichengeta pfuma yechirikadzi nenherera.
Nekuedza kwaMithat Pasha, gavhuna wepurovhinzi yeNis (muSerbia yanhasi), yekutanga Security Fund yakavambwa muRuse - guta rechishanu pakukura muBulgaria yemazuva ano - ine guta guru reOttoman muna 1863, uye yechipiri yakavhurwa. muConstantinople makore mashanu gare gare muna 1868. Mari yacho yaifambiswa nevoruzhinji mukudzora kwehurumende. Zvinhu zveveruzhinji zvakaunganidzwa muSecurity Fund, uye vakanyorera zvikwereti vaipihwa mari iyi mumapawn kana nemaguarantors. Nekudaro, Mari dzeSecurity dzakapihwa kuchiremera cheZiraat Bank muna 1907 nekuda kwematambudziko emari nezvematongerwo enyika.
Operation nheyo
Panguva iyoyo, kutengeserana kwechibereko kwanga kusiri pamutemo semutemo we sharia - mutemo wakamisikidzwa muumambo - waidiwa. Zvakadaro, mutemo wechiIslam unobvumidza kutengeserana kwechimbadzo kunoitwa kune dzimwe nyika. Sezvo nzvimbo yepakati yebhangi yakavakirwa kunze kwenyika, kutengeserana kwaro hakuna kutorwa sekusiri pamutemo maererano nemutemo weIslam.
Paanenge achipa zvikwereti, munhu aizotenga chimwe chinhu nemutengo wakakwirira kubva kumukweretesi. Ottoman banks 'kushanda nheyo yakanga yakadaro. Semuenzaniso, apo mutengi aida chikwereti chemari ye100, mutengesi akatengesa chinyoreso, bhuku kana wachi kumutengi achidzosera mari mapfumbamwe paakaundi obva apa chikwereti. Saka, mutengi akave nechikwereti kubhangi che109 coins.
Kutengeswa kwemhando iyi (muamala), iyo yakashanda semhinduro pane dzimwe nguva pazvaisaita kuwana zvikwereti zvisina mubereko kana paine kushaikwa kwemari, yainzi kutengeserana kutengeswa. Mutengo wakaderera wekubhadhara kwakawedzerwa wakasarudzwa nehurumende maererano nemamiriro emusika panguva iyoyo. Muganho wehuwandu hwaive gumi muzana panguva yaSultan Süleyman the Magnificent (10-1526), 1566 muzana panguva yaSultan Abdülmecid (15-1839) uye 1861 muzana panguva yaSultan Abdülhamid II (9-1876) . Kutengeswa kwekutengesa kunogona kutorwa semhando yehunyengeri, asi zvakange zvisina kudaro. Mukupesana, yakanga iri mhinduro yakapiwa nomutemo. Kukwereta uye kutengesa kwakagamuchirwa sekutengeserana kuviri kwakasiyana. Zvakare, vatengi vaive vakasununguka kusarudza pamutengo wekutengesa.
Nheyo panzvimbo yemabhangi
Paive nenheyo dzemari dzakashanda kuzadzisa zvinodiwa zvebhangi muHumambo hweOttoman mabhangi emazuva ano asati abuda. Vamwe vevapfumi vakapa mari kumafandesheni kuti vape zvikwereti kune vanoshaya. Zvisinei, vakangoita manyama amire nerongo, sezvo vaiva vashoma.
Kuti vakwanise kutsigira nzanga kubhadhara mitero isingakarirwi nyore nyore, vanhu vakapfuma vakavamba nheyo chaidzo dzokubetserana. Nheyo idzodzo dzakatorwawo senheyo dzemari neimwe nzira. Vakanga vasiri vekubatsira chete nekubhadhara mutero, vaibatsirawo avo vakanga vasingakwanisi kushanda nekuda kwehurwere, kuita mariro evanoshaya, kubatsira madzimai echidiki anoshaya mugadziriro dzekuroora, kutanga mabhizinesi evarume vechidiki vanoshaya, kubatsira mhuri dzakarasikirwa nedzimba dzadzo. kupisa kana kuputsika uye kugadziriswa kwemigwagwa, mabhiriji, nzira dzekufamba uye mitsetse yemvura yemisha nenharaunda. Chiverengero chakati kuti cheidzi faundesheni chakagamuchidzwa kumanisiparati muna 1869. Pashure pokuziviswa kweRepublic, ose akaitwa nyika.
Chikwereti chemurimi: Nyika Mari
Nekutanga kwaMithat Pasha, gavhuna wedunhu reDanube (Nis, Vidin naSilistra), "memleket sandıkları" (mari yenyika) yakatanga kuumbwa mumaguta ese kutanga muna 1863. Mari idzodzo dzakavambwa kuti dzishande pachinzvimbo chehurumende. nheyo dzakakosha dzataurwa pamusoro apa. Nhamba chaiyo yenhamba yakawanikwa kuburikidza nekutengesa zvavanorima mumisha yakaiswa muhomwe. Mari yacho payakasvika pamari yakati kuti, yakatanga kupiwa sezvikwereti kuvagari vomumusha. Zvikwereti zvenguva, kukura kwayo kwakachinja pakati pemwedzi mitatu kusvika pagore, zvakapihwa mukudzoka kwegumi nembiri muzana uye guarantor. Pakupera kwegore, chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemhindu yakachena chakagoverwa kuvagari vomumusha pahwaro hwedzimbahwe ravo.
Kutungamirirwa kwemari yenyika rakanga riri basa revanhu vana vakasarudzwa nenharaunda. Inosanganisira gavhuna wedunhu, mutongi nevanhu vaviri vakasarudzwa nenharaunda, bhodhi rekutonga rehomwe raitonga kushanda kwehomwe yacho. Mari iyi, iyo yakavambwa nedonzvo rekuchengetedza vagari vemumusha kubva kumapawnbroker uye kusimudzira kugadzirwa, yaive muenzaniso wekutanga wemakorasi munyika. Mushure mekunzi "Menafi Sandıkları (Benefits Funds) muna 1883, vakashandurwa kuita Ziraat Bank muna 1888. Agricultural Credit Cooperatives, iyo yakavambwa muna 1935, inoenderana nemari yenyika.
