Sezvo India inorwisana neinoratidzika kuva mhatsa yenguva dzose yezviito zvinokatyamadza zvechisimba chinoitirwa vakadzi, mubvunzo mumwe unobvunzwa wabvunzwazve: Nei izvi zviri kuitika?
Imwe mhinduro, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodaro, ireshiyo yechikadzi yeIndia, yakamonyaniswa netsika yokusarudzwa kwevatano nokuda kwevakomana vaduku.
Ongororo yakaitwa muna 2002, “A Surplus of Men, a Deficit of Peace,” yakaitwa naValerie M. Hudson naAndrea den Boer, inopikisa kuti kusaenzana kwevarume nevakadzi munyika dzeAsia, kunokonzerwa nekushomeka kwevakadzi vanoroora, kunoguma nemitengo yepamusoro. yemhosva, kusanganisira kubata chibharo, yakaitwa nemajaya asina kuroora.
"Kusagadzikana kwemukati kunowedzera munyika dzinoratidza kusaenzana kwevakadzi kwakanyanyisa, zvichiita kuti pave neshanduko yekuchengetedzwa kwenyika," vanyori vakanyora muna 2002, uye vakadzokorora zvakare mubhuku pamusoro penyaya iyi. Mhedziso dzavo dzakatonyanya kuitika nhasi, Ms. Hudson akadaro mubvunzurudzo ye-e-mail.
"Chokwadi mamiriro acho, kana paine, akashata muIndia neChina kupfuura zvazvaive makore gumi apfuura," akanyora kudaro. “Chokwadi mhosva dzemhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi dzinowanda sezvo kushomeka kwemadzimai kunowedzera. Izvi zvichakanganisa mikana yehupenyu yevakadzi kure mune ramangwana. "
Parizvino, nhamba dziri kunetseka. India ine 37 miriyoni varume vakawanda kupfuura vakadzi, kubva muna 2011 census data, uye vangangoita 17 miriyoni varume vakawandisa muboka rezera vanopara mhosva zhinji, kubva pamamiriyoni manomwe muna 7.
Mhosva dzechisimba muIndia dzakakwira zvinoda kusvika 19 kubva muzana kubva muna 2007 kusvika 2011, ukuwo kubiwa kwevakadzi (zvakawanda zvacho zvine chekuita nekuroora kana kuroorwa) kwakawedzera ne74 muzana panguva iyoyo. Uku ndiko kuwedzera kunoshamisa kubva pamakore mashanu gore ra2007 risati rasvika, apo mhosva dzechisimba dzakadzika ne2.8 muzana, uye kubiwa kwevakadzi kwakakwira ne41 muzana.
Kana mhedziso dzechidzidzo ichi dziri dzechokwadi, matambudziko eIndia ekubatwa chibharo nemamwe marudzi emhirizhonga kune vakadzi - achangobva kuonekwa muchikwata chibharo chechikwata uye kufa kwakazotevera kwemukadzi ane makore makumi maviri nematatu mubhazi muDelhi, chibharo chechikwata chemudzidzi wechikoro chesekondari. mudunhu reBihar uye kubatwa chibharo kwemukadzi wechidiki muPunjab, uyo akazozviuraya mushure mezvo - zvinogona kutonyanya kuipa, kana tichitarisa maitiro ehuwandu hwevanhu veIndia.
Vanyori vakatora izwi rechiChinese, Guang gun-er (“mapazu asina chinhu”), nokuda kwavarume vasina kuroora vanobvira pazera ramakore 15 kusvikira kumakore avo epakati pama 30 avo vane kariro dzakaganhurirwa dzebasa. Boka iri, iro rakakura munyika umo kusarudzwa kwevatano kwakapararira, kazhinji “rinoparira kuwedzera kwechisimba munzanga,” maererano nomushumo wacho.
Mumusika weroorano umo vakadzi vari vashoma uye nokudaro vachikwanisa “kuroorwa,” mamwe mavara evakomana vaduku vasara anofanotaurwa zviri nyore uye zvakarurama. Vanofanira kubva mukirasi yakaderera yezvemagariro nehupfumi, kusa- kana kusashanda zvishoma, kurarama hupenyu hwekufamba-famba kana hwechinguvana hune hukama hushoma kunharaunda dzavari kushanda, uye kazhinji vanogara nekushamwaridzana nevamwe vana bachelor. Muchidimbu, varume vechidiki vakasara vanogona kutariswa, tichitaura, varasikirwa mumakwikwi munharaunda.
Chimiro chewanano chinokanganisa zvinopfuura kungomira munzanga kwevarume ava, vanyori vakapokana. Vachitaura tsvakiridzo inoratidza kuti mazinga e testosterone (anonzi "T" muchirevo chinotevera) anodzikira kuvarume vakaroora, vakati wanano inogona kukanganisa hunhu hwevarume hunogona kutadza kugarisana nevamwe.
Kana T inodonha, ndizvo zvinoitawo hunhu hwekuita maitiro aya. Kuwanda kwevarume munharaunda vasingakwanise kuroora, kunyangwe vangave vachida kuroora, vanowedzera kutenderera kwavo T uye huwandu hukuru hwekusashamwaridzana, hwechisimba uye hutsotsi hutsika hwavacharatidza, kazhinji kutaura, kupfuura kana vakakwanisa. kuroora.
Ongororo yakaitwa pamusoro pehupombwe hwe“mapazi akashama” kuChina gore rino yakatsanangudza pamusoro penyaya dzinomuka nevarume vechidiki ava vane mhosva. Mushumo wacho wakataura kuti “nhevedzano yezvinetso kubvira pakudzvinyirirwa kwevatano kusvikira kurwisano dzevatano, kubva pahosha dzinopfuudzwa muvatano (kubatanidza AIDS) kusvikira kumhaka dzevatano dzinogona kumuka.”
Kubatanidza uye kuunganidza chinhu chinokosha pakunzwisisa "mapazi asina chinhu," maererano nekudzidza kwaMs. Hudson naMs. den Boer. Varume ava vanotandara pamwe chete, vanoshamwaridzana, vanokwikwidzana uye vanobvumira “zvisarudzo zvine ngozi” zvemumwe nomumwe. Kana vakaungana pamwe chete uye vosiiwa kumidziyo yavo, vanova chishandiso chekusagadzikana kwevanhu, vanyori vakati:
Mune iyi "zvishoma zvakajairika denominator" dzidziso, maitiro evarume mumapoka - kunyanya vechidiki, vasina kuroora, vakaderera-haazokwira pamusoro pemaitiro emunhu ane hunhu hwakaipisisa. Pamwe chete, vanozotora njodzi huru uye kuve nechisimba zvakanyanya kupfuura zvavangaite ivo pachavo.
Huwandu hwematavi akashama, pamwe chete neyakasiyana-siyana yetsika inovabatanidza pamwe chete uye kushaikwa kwavo kwe "danda" muhurongwa hwemagariro huripo, zvinovatungamira kuhurongwa hwehumbavha hwemagariro. Iko kugona kwemhirizhonga yemukati mesocietal inowedzera apo nzanga inosarudza matavi asina chinhu, sezvinoita dzimwe nzanga dzeAsia. Zvinogoneka kuti iyi intrasocietal mhirizhonga inogona kuve neiyo intersocietal mhedzisiro zvakare.
Maererano nenhamba dzemhosva dzakaitwa muIndia dza2011, pavanhu vose vakasungwa nemhosva dzokubata chibharo, vanenge 60 muzana vaiva varume vane makore ari pakati pe18 ne30 uye vanoda kusvika 30 muzana vaiva varume vane makore ari pakati pe30 ne45.
Huwandu hwesero yebonde muIndia - inotsanangurwa sehuwandu hwevakadzi pavarume chiuru - yakawedzera mumakore makumi maviri apfuura, mushure mekudonha kwemakore makumi masere zvisati zvaitika. Kubva muna 1,000, paiva nevakadzi 20 vokuIndia pavarume 80 2011 voga voga, kubva pa940 muna 1,000. Asi, nemhaka yekuwedzera kwevanhu uye tsika ichiri kupararira yekuuraya vana vevanhukadzi, nhamba ye“varume vokuwedzera” iri kuwedzera pakati pevechiduku vokuIndia. Pachave nevarume vangangosvika miriyoni makumi matatu muIndia vane makore ari pakati pe933 ne2001, ongororo inofungidzira.
Uye pakati pevagari vadiki veIndia, mwero yevarume nevakadzi ichiri kuwedzera, zvichida ichigadzira hwaro hwezvizvarwa zvitsva zvechisimba chechisimba uye kurwiswa kwevakadzi, nyanzvi dzinodaro.
Huwandu hwevana veIndia, hunotsanangurwa mudata recensus yenyika sevana vese vari pakati pemakore zero nemakore matanhatu, vangangoita miriyoni zana nemakumi matanhatu kubva muna 6. Huwandu hwesero hwepabonde hweboka rezera iri 160 vana vechikadzi pavana 2011 914 vechirume voga voga, uye inotonyanya kutsveyama mumativi emaguta, pa1,000. Nhamba idzi dzinoratidza kudzikira kwakanyanya kubva mumakore gumi apfuura.
Pakazere, chiyero chepakati chevakadzi cheIndia chiri kumashure zvakanyanya paavhareji yepasi rose ye984 pavarume chiuru chega chega, uye ndiyo yechipiri yakaderera pasi rose, pamberi peChina. Urban India iri padivi neChina zvakadaro, ine vakadzi mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi maviri nevatanhatu pavarume chiuru.
India's Planning Commission, mumushumo wekodzero dzevakadzi nekodzero dzevana wakabudiswa gore rapera, yakadana kusaenzana kwevarume nevakadzi muchikamu chevatano “dambudziko riri kuitika risiri revanhu.”
Chirevo ichi chakataura kuti nzvimbo dzemadzibaba kuchamhembe nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero dzakaratidza kuvandudzwa kwehuwandu hwevakadzi kune vana, asi kuti vazhinji veIndia vakazviona zvichidzikira. Huwandu hwevana vechikadzi maererano nevana vechirume hunotarisirwa kuramba hushoma zvikuru, sekutaura kwakaita gwaro iri.
Hurumende yeIndia yakaedza kugadzirisa hurongwa uhu huri kuramba huchiipa kuburikidza nekushandisa mari yakatanga muna 2007. Vakuru vakuru vakati pfungwa iyi yakanga iri “yokumanikidza mhuri kuti dzione musikana wacho sechinhu chake pane kuti aonekwe semutoro sezvo kuvapo kwake kwakaita kuti vawane mari. kupfuma kumhuri.”
Nekudaro, ongororo ichangoburwa yezvirongwa izvi zvakasiyana inoratidza kuti vane mamiriro akawandisa akawandisa uye mapoka ekutarisa asina kujeka.
"Ini ndinofunga ichokwadi kuti kunze kwekunge hurumende ichida kutevedzera mitemo yayo ichipokana neroora uye kubvisa nhumbu kunosarudzwa pabonde, hapana zvakawanda zvichachinja," akadaro Purofesa Hudson.
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