Nzira dzeTurkey architecture

'Turkey: Zvivakwa zvemazuva ano munhoroondo' naSibel Bozdoğan naEsra Akcan
Reaktion Books, 2012, 40TL, mapeji 344

Kudzidza kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zveTurkey zvemazuva ano, neimwe nzira, kudzidza nhoroondo yemazuva ano yeTurkey Republic. Inyaya yekuti zvakaomesesa, zvakanaka uye zveutopian pfungwa dzakazotsanangurwa patsva uye nekuumbwa patsva nemasimba ecentrifugal avakagonesa ivo pachavo. Iri bhuku rakanyorwa pamwe chete, rakanyorwa nenyanzvi mbiri mumunda, rinoita basa rakanaka rekutsvaga "purojekiti inoshanduka yemazuva ano" muTurkey kuburikidza neprism yezvivakwa zvayo.

Vanyori vanogovanisa zvivakwa zveTurkey zvemazuva ano muzvikamu zvitatu zvekutanga, chekutanga chakaratidza republic yeKemalist yekutanga, umo mavakirwo makuru aionekwa seyakakosha nzira yekutaura yenyika kuratidza zororo rakajeka nechakarambwa. Tichifunga nezve rondedzero yenyika iyo yakazadza maitiro ekuvaka mumakore ekutanga erepublican, zvimwe chinhu chinokatyamadza kuti vanenge vese vainyanya kukosha vagadziri vaishanda muTurkey panguva iyoyo vaive vatorwa. Mumwe weakanyanya kupesvedzera aive Hermann Jansen akaberekerwa kuBerlin, akahwina mumakwikwi epasi rose kugadzira kubva kutanga guta idzva reAnkara. Sezvirongwa zvakawanda zvemadhorobha panguva iyoyo, yaJansen yaive hurongwa hwekuda uye hwakarongeka hwekukamura Ankara munzvimbo dzakatemerwa uye zvine mutsindo. Zvisineyi, nepo zvisaririra zvechiratidzo ichi cheguta zvichiripo, kushanyira guta guru riri kutatarika uye rine bongozozo nhasi kuwana chidzidzo chinobatsira pakubva kwarakaita kubva pamisimboti yeutopian-rationalist yevakatanga varo vemazuva ano, (mupfungwa iyi, Ankara inogona kunge iri chiratidzo cheTurkey Republic pachayo).

Yemazuva ano Turkey yechipiri, post-WWII chikamu chakapupurira kukurumidza kuwedzera capitalist, maindasitiri, shanduko yesarudzo dzemapato akawanda, uye kuomeswa kweCold War geopolitical zvinodikanwa. Yakave nguva yekugadziridzwa kwakasimba kwenzvimbo dzeguta, kuputswa kwevanhu vakawanda, zvirongwa zvitsva zvekuvaka, uye kukurumidza kukurumidza kwemaguta. Mukushayikwa kwekuronga kwakakwana kwekupedzisira - muchimiro chekugara kwevanhu vakawanda kune vatsva vanoenda kune dzimwe nyika - zvinyorwa zvekutanga zvezvinyorwa zvebhoom yemaguta zvakazvivakira "gecekondu" nzvimbo dzezvita dzakapararira mumaguta makuru ose. Gare gare, aya akatsiviwa zvishoma nezvishoma neakawanda asingazivikanwe anokwira kumusoro "kuvaka uye kutengesa" mabhuroko emafurati anozivikanwa kwazvo muTurkey nhasi. Tichifunga nezvemaitiro aya, bhuku iri rakanyanya kunaka pakurambwa kunoshanda kwevagadziri vezvivakwa nevarongi vemaguta izvo zvakazokonzerwa nekukura kwemadhorobha: “Maguta epasi rose ekupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri akapokana nepfungwa yemazuva ano yekuti kukura kwemaguta kunogona kurongwa kana kufanotaurwa… [Ivo] varipo kunoumbwa zvikurukuru nokuwanda kwezvivako zvisingazivikanwi uye zvisina zita, izvo zvinozobvisa mugadziri wezvivako.” Chikamu chechipiri chezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri nokudaro chakapupurira "kubviswa kwezwi remuvaki uye kutonga pamusoro pemaguta eTurkey" - shanduko inoshamisa painotariswa zvinopesana nemafungiro eutopian evagadziri vekutanga republican.

Chikamu chechitatu chakaonekwa nebhuku chinoratidzwa nekubatana kweTurkey mushure me1980s nekudyidzana kwepasi rose uye kuzvipira kwayo patsva kune neo-liberal economic policy. Vanyori vanonetseka kuvanza kushushikana kwavo nemhedzisiro iyo zvinhu izvi zvave nazvo pamaitiro ekuvaka, uye kusiya iyo yakadzidza apolitical toni yakambotorwa. Mukuita izvi, ivo (vachiziva kana kuti kwete) vanotevera nzira yakatsauka kune iyo yeTurkey architectural profession, iyo pachayo yaibatanidzwa zvakanyanya mune zvematongerwo enyika akashata e1960s uye 70s asi yakawedzera depoliticized kubvira 1980. Bhuku rinosimbisa kuti vagadziri veTurkey yemakore makumi matatu apfuura vakabatikana zvizere neanotonga epasirese postmodernist maitiro, achibva kune echinyakare paternalistic Kemalist manzwisisiro emazuva ano. Basa ravo harichatsanangurirwe nematombo makuru uye ekufananidzira kuhurumende, asi nemapurojekiti emukati-muguta, nzvimbo dzekutenga, uye "nhanho yakatarwa" kunze kweguta kuvandudzwa kwedzimba. Izvi ichokwadi, asi ndingafarirewo kunzwa kuti vanyori vanoti kudii nezvehurongwa hwehurumende iripo hwekuvaka mamosque makuru munzvimbo dzekufananidzira dzeIstanbul dzakaita seTaksim Square neÇamlıca Hill. Mapurojekiti akadaro anoita kunge asiri mashoma ekutaura kweanotonga nyika dzidziso pane yekare Kemalist republican monuments - mutsauko chete ndewekuti tsananguro yenyika iyi yachinja.

Pakupedzisira, iri ibhuku rakanaka rinoita kuti nyaya yemazuva ano ekuvakwa kweTurkey (zvichida zvisingatarisirwi) inakidze. Kunyangwe zvakagadzirirwa nyanzvi, inogara nerufaro isina jargon uye inogona kukurudzirwa kune chero munhu ane hutano anofarira munhoroondo yemazuva ano yeTurkey. Zvakadaro, kana iwe uchigovana neruboshwe rwezvematongerwo enyika tsitsi dzevanyori haisi nyaya inonakidza.