Kusaziva kwemutungamiri wenyika nezve Vladimir Putin ndicho chikonzero chekutadza kwake.
Sezvo mhomho dzine chisimba dzaishevedzera masirogani echiIslam dzakarwisa vamiriri veUS kuMiddle East neSoutheast Asia mumavhiki akatevera kuuraya kwaSept. 11, 2012 kurwiswa kwevakuru veUS muLibya, Mutungamiri weRussia Vladimir Putin akaona mukana wekurova United States payaive. pasi. Vakazviita nekudzinga bato reUS Agency for International Development, iro rine basa — rekuyambira mapoka akazvimirira ega nezvehutongi hwejekerere, sezvaraiita kubva kuma1990s — zviri pachena kuti haafariri. Nechiyero chakanaka, akangodzima chirongwa chakareba cheNunn-Lugar chekubatana pakuparadza nekuchengetedza zvombo zvekare zveSoviet zvekuparadza kukuru. Mharidzo yake: Russia haidi chero rubatsiro kubva kune vekuAmerica.
Iyi mutemo yeRussia inopindirana nemaitiro aObama kune kuchengetedzwa kwenyika. Kwemakore, VaObama nechikwata chavo chezvekuchengetedzwa kwenyika vaikakavadzana kuti, zvakanyanya, matambudziko eAmerica pasi rose haana kukonzerwa nehutsinye kana hutsinye hwevatambi vari kunze kwenyika, asi kuti yaive muchero unovava wenhoroondo yeAmerica yekudheerera, udyire uye mhirizhonga, kunyanya. panguva yekutonga kwaGeorge W. Bush. Vanyunyuta kuti America yave nenguva ichiita senyika ine utsinye, inodada mukuzvidza kodzero dzevamwe, inozvipira mukutsanangura zvido zvayo munyika kwete pasi rose, uye inotsigira unilateralism mukuramba kumanikidzira kuita zvinhu zvinotenderwa nemasangano akasiyana siyana kana kutsigirwa. nevatsinhiri vanofambira mberi (vapashure vanowanzozviti “nzanga yenyika yose”). Vakakakavara kuti United States inofanira kuzvininipisa, nepfungwa yokunyara, uye inofanira kugamuchira “dzidziso yemea culpa.”
Anne-Marie Slaughter, akashanda Obama semukuru wePolicy Planning kuDhipatimendi reHurumende, akanyora Kukadzi 2008. Commonweal yaiti “Zvikonzero Zvakanaka Zvokuzvininipisa” umo akataura kuti United States “inofanira kujekesa kuti hubrid yedu . . . Iyezvino White House chipangamazano Samantha Power, apo mudzidzisi weHarvard University, akanyora mu New RepublicyaMarch 3, 2003: “Kutanga dzidziso yemea culpa kuchawedzera kuvimbika kwedu nekuratidza kuti vanoita zvisarudzo vokuAmerica havatsigiri zvivi zvevakavatangira.”
Hutongi hwaObama hwave nenguva yakawanda yekuyedza dzidziso dzezvematongerwo enyika. Kwakanga kuri muna Chikunguru 2009 apo mutungamiri wenyika akaudza New Economic School muMoscow kuti hukama hweUS-Russia hunoda kugadziridzwa patsva. “Kune,” akadaro, “muonero wezana ramakore rechi 20 wokuti United States neRussia dzakatemerwa kuva vavengi, uye kuti Russia yakasimba kana kuti America yakasimba inogona bedzi kuzvisimbisa dzimene mukushorana. Uye kune murangariro womuzana ramakore rechi 19 wokuti takarongedzerwa kurwira nzvimbo dzepesvedzero, uye kuti masimba makuru anofanira kuumba zvikwata zvinokwikwidzana kuti zvienzane.” VaObama vakadaidza fungidziro iyi kuti inhema, uye vakawedzera kuti: "Muna 2009, simba guru hariratidzi simba nekutonga kana kuita madhimoni kune dzimwe nyika."
Chii chatinofanira kuita nezveiyi pfungwa yekuti hutungamiriri hwaObama inguva nyowani, umo masimba makuru asingachazvibata sezvaave achiita kwemazana emakore? Mutungamiriri anga achipa izvi sechiratidzo chechokwadi? Kwaiva kukumbira ruregerero here? Chivimbiso? Mharidzo?
VaObama vaifunga here kureva kuti nyika dzine simba hadzichaite zveudyire kana zvehasha? Akanga achireva here kuti kupinda kwake musimba kwakashandura zvinhu zvenyika yose, kuchiisa mudura renhau zvinyorwa zvaThucydides, munyori wenhau anoremekedzwa weAtene uyo, anenge makore 2,300 XNUMX apfuura, akacherechedza kuti marudzi, savanhu, anoronda izvo anoona sezvido zvawo—dzimwe nguva achivashandisa. kutonga, dzimwe nguva pasina, uye dzimwe nguva nemigumisiro inosuruvarisa. Kana zvakadaro, tinogona kutarisira kuti Thucydides ave nekuseka kwekupedzisira.
Obama akatanga kutaura nezve "reset" isingasviki mwedzi gumi nemiviri mushure mekunge Russia yapinda muGeorgia, shamwari yeUS uye shamwari. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, iyo Russia-yakavakwa Bushehr nuclear reactor muIran yakatanga kushanda. Sezvo vapanduki vakaedza kudonhedza hurumende yeSyria Bashar al-Assad kutanga kwa12, Russia yakapa mudzvanyiriri weSyria zvombo zvehondo negungwa. Reuters inoshuma kuti Moscow yakatengesa Dhamasiko $2011 bhiriyoni yemadhora emidziyo yemauto kubva pakatanga kumukira. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton akayambira Russia muna Chikumi 1 pamusoro pekutumira zvikopokopo kuzobatsira hutongi hweSyria mukurwisa kwayo vanhuwo zvavo nevapanduki. Muna Nyamavhuvhu 2012, Putin, panguva iyoyo mutungamiriri wehurumende, akapomera United States kurarama "separasite" pahupfumi hwenyika. Pamusangano waMay 2011 weInternational missile Defense conference muMoscow, mukuru mukuru wemauto eRussia Gen. Nikolai Makarov akashora hurongwa hweUS-NATO hwekuvaka dziviriro kurwisa zvombo zvinokandwa zvakaparurwa kubva kuMiddle East. Achitaura nezvenzvimbo dzinobvira dzokuEastern Europe nokuda kwedziviriro dzakadaro, General Makarov akaita tyisidziro inoshamisa: “Chisarudzo chokushandisa simba rinoparadza pamberi pezvisina maturo chichaitwa kana mamiriro acho ezvinhu aipisisa.”
Muchidimbu, mumwedzi ye39 kubva Obama paakazivisa kuti masimba makuru "haaratidze simba nekutonga kana kuita dhimoni kune dzimwe nyika," Russia yakazvipira kushora United States neNATO uye kuwedzera mari yayo yezvematongerwo enyika muhutongi hwehutsotsi - kunyanya muSyria. uye Iran. Mumakore matatu nehafu kubva pakuvambwa kwegwaro iri, kugadziridzwa kwaVaObama kwave kushungurudza musoro.
Zvakadaro muzhizha rose ra2012 hutongi hwaObama hwakadzokorora kutaura tariro yekuti Putin, achangobva kusarudzwa semutungamiri weRussia, achabatsira kupedza kuuraya muSyria. Zvisinei nezviuru zvevanhu vakafa muhondo yeSyria iri kuramba ichiwedzera, VaObama havana kukumbira chido kana chirevo chekutsigira vanopokana naAssad, kunyangwe akataura nezve "basa rekudzivirira" vapanduki vekuLibya, avo vakakuvara vashoma. Sezvo New York Times akatsanangura, pfungwa yaObama mudambudziko reSyria yaive pakushanda neRussia uye kuburikidza neUnited Nations Security Council. Akaedza kunyengerera Putin kuti akurudzire mudzvanyiriri weSyria kuti abve pachigaro. Kunyangwe kazhinji ane hushamwari kune Obama manejimendi, iyo Washington Post's Vapepeti vakachema-chema naïveté yavo kuRussia vachiti: “Kunyange kana VaPutin vakanyengetedzwa, vangangove vasina nzira yekumanikidza VaAssad nemhuri yavo. Kutenda kwaVaObama kuti VaPutin vakagadzirira kuita bhizinesi navo kunopesana nemaitiro emurume akasimba uyu…” VaObama vakatadza kukoshesa kufarira kwaPutin kudzorera simba reRussia kuMiddle East. Chido chikuru cheRussia ndechekukwira kwemitengo yemafuta uye mhirizhonga yekuMiddle East inopa chido ichocho, asi VaObama vakangofungidzira kuti Russia ichabatana neAmerica kuedza kusimudzira kugadzikana kweMiddle East.
VaObama pavakapa mhosva kuRussia muEurope, vakazviita vachibhadharira vatsigiri veUS muPoland neCzech Republic. Nyika idzi dzakange dzabvumirana nemutungamiri wenyika Bush kuti dziite ma radar ekudzivirira anokandwa ekuAmerica. Izvi zvaive negakava ipapo, asi vatungamiriri vakatenda kuti kubatana neUnited States kwakabatsira zvakakosha hurongwa. Poland neCzech Republic dzakanga dzaitirwa utsinye mukati mechikamu chikuru chezana remakore rechi20, kutanga nevaNazi uye tevere vaSoviet. Vazhinji vePoles neCzechs vakatsigira kupinda mumubatanidzwa wekuMadokero nechido, nechido, sechivimbiso chekuti havazorasikirwezve nekuzvitonga kwavo kumaGerman, maRussia, kana chero ani zvake. Nekuda kwekuti vanokoshesa hukama hwavo hwekuchengetedzwa kweAmerica sekiyi yekuchengetedzwa kwenyika nerusununguko mune ramangwana, vatungamiriri vePoland neCzech Republic vane chinangwa chekusimbisa hukama uhwu kuburikidza nezvibvumirano zvavo zvekudzivirira zvombo neUnited States.
VaObama, zvisinei, vakasarudza kuti zvibvumirano izvi zvaive zvisingakoshi pane kufarirwa kwaaizotenga neRussia nekukanzura. Kuchengetedza kubatana nevanodyidzana vanotarisa kuAmerica semutungamiri wenyika dzakasununguka hakuna kumbove chinhu chakakosha pakutonga kwaObama. Mukusendeka parutivi zvibvumirano zvekudzivirira missile nePoland neCzech Republic, mutungamiri wenyika akanyadzisa vatungamiri vavo veAmerica, vakakuvadza mubatanidzwa weNATO, vakaratidza kushaya simba kuRussia, vakasimbisa kukosha kwekudzivirira zvombo, uye vakadaidzira izwi reAmerica mubvunzo - zvese zviri mukati. zvese, kukanganisa kwakawanda kune US chengetedzo zvido.
Maonero ekuti mutemo waObama hauna naïve uye kubhuroka une kumwe kwakakodzera uye unobatsira kuzvidavirira kune mamwe nhanho dzisiridzo maererano neRussia. Asi inofuratira dambudziko guru remafungiro asina kunaka aVaObama pamusoro pebasa reAmerica munyika.
Munharaunda yevadzidzi vekuAmerica vanofambira mberi - nharaunda iyo VaObama nenhengo dzinokosha dzehutongi hwavo dzagara dziri nhengo dzinodada - pfungwa yekuti America semutungamiri wenyika yakasununguka inoraira ruremekedzo rushoma. Izwi chairo rekuti "nyika yakasununguka" harifarirwe, sezvakaita pfungwa yeUnited States semutungamiri. Panzvimbo pekuona simba reAmerica uye kusimba sezvinodiwa, nhengo dzevadzidzisi vanofambira mberi mumayunivhesiti anotungamira vanowanzovatarisa zvakashata, sezvinonyanya kukonzera kusawirirana kwenyika dzakawanda. Maererano nemaonero aya, kuvaka mabhiriji kumatunhu anotya simba reAmerica kuchaita kuti United States iremekedze uye inokurudzira kuwirirana, asi kusimbisa mibatanidzwa iripo uye kutsigira shamwari dzegutsaruzhinji kunosimbisa pesvedzero yeAmerica uye kunowedzera kutya kunze kwenyika kweAmerican hegemony. United States inoonekwa seinonyanya kukonzera matambudziko epasi rose kupfuura mhinduro. Iri dingindira rekupedzisira Jeanne Kirkpatrick muna 1984 ane mukurumbira anonzi "mhosva America kutanga."
Mubhuku rake Iyo Audacity YeTariro, VaObama vakapikisa kuti America ine nhoroondo inosuwisa yekushivirira kana kubatsira hurumende dzine zvinyorwa zvekodzero dzevanhu. Semutungamiri wenyika, zvisinei, anga aine mhosva yemhosva iyi. Russia ine rekodhi yakashata yekodzero dzevanhu mumakore achangopfuura. Vakuru vakuru varo vanogara vachityora kodzero dzevanhu dzevatsoropodzi vavo, vachiwanzoronga kuti vatsoropodzi ivavo varohwe uye kunyange kupondwa. Muna Kubvumbi 2012, mutauriri wedhipatimendi reUS State akazivisa kuti Elena Milashina, mutori wenhau anoferefeta webepanhau reRussia rinoremekedzwa, Novoya Gazeta, vakanga “varwiswa noutsinye.”
Gore rapfuura, Mutevedzeri waVaObama Munyori weNyika kuEurope neEurasian Affairs Philip Gordon akaudza Senate Foreign Relations Committee kuti "vatori venhau vane mukurumbira - vakadai saAnna Politkovskaya, Paul Klebnikov, naNatalya Estemirova - vakaurayiwa." Politkovskaya akange ashora Putin nekubata kwake kumukira kweChechen. Estemirova, zvakare, akange aferefeta kuponda, kubiwa, uye kurwadzisa muChechnya. Klebnikov akaburitsa runyoro rwevanhu zana vakapfuma vekuRussia uye akaongorora huwori kazhinji. Gordon akataurawo kutyira kufa kuri kufungira mujeri kwegweta rekuRussia, Sergei Magnitsky, uyo akapomera vakuru vehurumende mhosva yekubirira mutero pamwero mukuru. Zvakadaro, VaObama White House vakatanga kupokana ndokuzodzikisa mutemo weSergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability, danho rekongiresi rekuranga vakuru veRussia vane mhosva yerufu rwaMagnitsky.
Panzvimbo pekushoropodza kushungurudzwa uku, VaObama vanotsvaga kufarirwa naPutin vachitarisira nhaurirano dzekumwe kudzikiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya zvekuUS neRussia, chibvumirano chinonzi naPutin chinoda kupihwa mvumo neUS pakudzivirira zvombo. Kubvumirana kwakadaro kwaizosangana nekupikisa kwakasimba muSeneti yeUnited States. VaObama vakaratidza chido chavo chechibvumirano chitsva chezvombo pavakakumbira Mutungamiriri weRussia panguva iyoyo, Dmitry Medvedev, kuti vambomira kumanikidza chibvumirano chekudzivirira zvombo kusvika sarudzo dzemutungamiri weAmerica dzapera. Muchinyararire parutivi kumutungamiri weRussia, VaObama vakavimbisa kushanduka-shanduka panguva iyoyo - chirevo chakanyadzisa mutungamiri wenyika apo, kuburikidza nemakrofoni yakavhurika, yakanzwikwa nevatori venhau.
VaObama vanoteedza zvibvumirano zvitsva zvekudzora zvombo nechido nekuti vanozviona senhanho dzekuenda ku "nuclear zero," nyika isina zvombo zvenyukireya - chinangwa chikuru chaakatsigira pakutanga kwehutungamiriri hwake. Zvakanga zvachinja kune mumwe murume aishoropodza mutemo weUS munguva yeHondo Yemashoko nekuti akati kushora communism kwakapofumadza vatungamiri veAmerica vakatevedzana kuti vasaone kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kwehurumende dzavaishandira pamwe nadzo mukutsvaga kuchengetedzwa. Zvino, mukutsvaga nyukireya zero, anoramba kubvuma kukosha kwehutongi hwaPutin hwekutyora kodzero dzevanhu.
Kutaura chokwadi, vakuru vakuru veDhipatimendi reHurumende, vachiramba vachibvunza nezvekudzvinyirirwa kwehurumende kweRussia kwevanopikisa vezvematongerwo enyika, vanonzwa vachimanikidzwa kuzvishora. Apo Mikhail Khodorkovsky, muzvinabhizimisi akapfuma uye anotsoropodza Putin, akatongerwa kugara mujeri nokuda kwemhosva dzine chokuita nebhizimisi, Munyori weHurumende Hillary Clinton pachake akatsoropodza maitiro. Akataura kuti kutongwa kwake "kunomutsa mibvunzo yakakomba pamusoro pekutonga kwakasarudzika - uye nezve hutongi hwemutemo huri kufukidzwa nezvematongerwo enyika." Akaona kuti nyaya yacho yakakanganisa “mukurumbira weRussia wokuita zvayaifanira kuita pakodzero dzayo.” Asi VaObama vanoramba vachibata Putin seanovhenekerwa angangove shamwari yake - kunyanya, paSyria uye pakutonga kwezvombo zvenyukireya.
Sei? Hurongwa hwaVaObama hwekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika hunoisa kukosha kukuru kune pamutemo iyo UN Security Council inonzi inopa zviito zveAmerica pasi rose. Kubvuma Putin semutongi asingavimbike uye ane hutsinye kwaisazobatsira kufarira kwaVaObama kutaura kuti mvumo yeSecurity Council - ndiko kuti, kubvumidzwa naPutin - ndiyo bvunzo yeasidhi yekuve pamutemo kwenyika.
Kutora kodzero dzevanhu kurerutsa chave chiratidzo chehutongi hwaObama. Kunyange vakabudirira vane mukurumbira vakatsigira kusarudzwa kwake vakashora nzira yaakazvidza nayo kodzero dzevanhu mukutaura kwake kuhurumende dzine masimba dzeRussia, China, Saudi Arabia nePalestinian Authority. Chinyorwa chaFebruary 2012 Amnesty International, semuenzaniso, chakabvunza "Mutungamiri Obama acharegeredza kodzero dzevanhu muChina here?" ndokupindura achizvisimbisa. Uye Mutungamiriri weImba Yerusununguko David J. Kramer achangonyora mu Washington Post:
Sarudzo yekumisa basa reUSAID muRussia ichangoburwa mune ranga rakashata zvakanyanya kukodzero dzevanhu munyika iyoyo, kunyangwe usingazvizive kubva mukunyarara kwevatungamiriri vekuMadokero. Kubva Vladimir Putin adzoka zviri pamutemo kumutungamiri weRussia muna Chivabvu, pakave nekupokana kwese-kwe-bhodhi kwemasangano everuzhinji pamwe nevanopikisa. Kupfuura kutongwa kwenhengo dzebhendi repunk rock rePussy Riot, zviremera zvakapamba dzimba dzevatsoropodzi vehurumende nemhuri dzavo, vakaferefeta mhosva uye kutongwa kwevanopikisa nevaroora vavo, uye vakashandisa chisimba kune vaipikisa.
Zvichakadaro, kunze kwekutaura kwevatauriri kunetsa, President Obama nevamwe vavo vakawanda vekuEurope havana chavakataura.
Vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu vakanyanya kuodzwa mwoyo apo VaObama vakapokana nevanopikisa hurumende muIran panguva yekudzvinyirirwa zvine hutsinye nekuratidzira kweGreen Revolution zvichitevera sarudzo dzakabiridzirwa dzaChikumi 2009.
Kusada kuita kuti kodzero dzevanhu ive nyaya yakatanhamara mugwaro rake reRussia, saka, ndekwechikamu chekunyanya kukoshesa kwemutungamiri wenyika kodzero dzevanhu kunze kwenyika. Chikonzero chikuru, zvinoita sekunge, ndechekuti Bush aive nemukurumbira wake "Rusununguko Agenda" uye VaObama vaisada kuridza madingindira akabatana neakamutangira. Asi zvakare kucherechedza kuti vadzidzi vanofambira mberi vanowanzozvidza rhetoric yekodzero dzevanhu yakashandiswa neDemocratic and Republican manejimendi kubvira Hondo Yenyika II. Zvinoenderana nekuruboshwe kunofambira mberi kutsoropodza nhoroondo yeUS, kutaura kwakadai kunongova hutsvene uye hunyengeri nekuti America yakakuvadza zvakanyanya pasi rose, uye yakabata vanhu zvisina kunaka kumba, zvekuti haina simba rekumiririra kodzero dzevanhu. vamwe.
Obama haana kumbobvira apikisa kodzero dzevanhu musimboti - pane kudaro. Asi kunyanya pakutanga kwehutungamiriri hwake, aiita seanotenda kuti America ine chikwereti cheuta, ruregerero, uye kureurura kune vakawanda vakawirwa pasi rose nekudaro vaive vasina kodzero yekuzviisa pamberi semutakuri wekodzero dzevanhu. Mafungiro matsva aVaObama pasina mubvunzo akabatsira mukunyengetedza vane masimba kuti mari yekutyora kodzero dzevanhu iite shoma panguva yekutonga kwavo. Putin anoita kunge akagamuchira meseji iyoyo zvine ruzha uye zvakajeka.
Mutemo waVaObama wekuRussia unobatanidza maonero ane jaundiced enhoroondo yeAmerica nekusaremekedza Putin. Gwaro rave risina maturo mune zvese zvinoreva izwi. Hapana kugadzirisa zvakare kwakaitika. Vakuru vehutongi hwaObama dzimwe nguva vanodzivirira kusetwa patsva nechikonzero chekuti Russia yaive nerupo mukupa mvumo yekufambisa zvinhu kuenda kuAfghanistan, asi iro idoro diki.
Weresa izvo zvichipesana nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana Russia iri pachinangwa neAmerica uye nemafungiro evanhu. Vakuru veRussia vanodzivirira hutongi hwevafundisi hweIran, vachiona kuti haifanirwe kutarisana nezvirango zvehupfumi zvinoremadza sezvo iri kutevera zvombo zvenyukireya. Putin anobatsira mukubvumira mudzvanyiriri weSyria anobatirira pamasimba. Vakuru vemauto eRussia vanotaura nezvezvombo zvenyukireya uye kudzivirira missile sekunge Cold War haina kumbopera. Putin ari kurasa tariro yeRussia yekubudirira kwakasimba. Pasi pake, Russia inoshanda chete sehupfumi hwekuchera, hunoenderana zvachose nekutengesa kwemafuta uye gasi. Huori hwehutongi hwake uye hutsinye haungodzvanyiriri vagari vemo - zvinotyisidzira mari yekunze kwenyika iyo inogona kushandisa zvakanaka hupfumi hwevanhu veRussia. Putin anopwanya kupokana kwezvematongerwo enyika muRussia sekunge aive KGB apparatchik, izvo ndizvo chaizvo zvaaive.
Obama haaite seasinganzwisise kuti sei, iye zvino iye akamutangira asisiri muhofisi, Russia haina hushamwari uye kubatana. Haaone Russia yaPutin sesimba rakaoma, rinonetsa, riri kudzikira rine mukana mukuru wekukuvadza vanhu vayo, vavakidzani vayo, vanobatana neUS, uye America pachayo. Asi, ane chinangwa chekudzingirira mutungamiri weRussia netarisiro yekusaina chimwe chibvumirano chekare chekudzora zvombo chinogona kumiririrwa zvisirizvo sekufambisa nyika imwe nhanho pedyo nefungidziro inokahadzika yenuclear zero. Kuti afambise kudzingirira, anofanirwa kurerutsa hutongi hwaPutin kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Izvi anozviita pasina kukoshesa nzira iyo kusimudzira demokrasi muRussia kwaisangokwanisa kusimudzira misimboti yeAmerica asiwo kushandira zvido zveAmerica.
Chinhu chimwe chete chinogona kutaurwa kumutemo weRussia wekutonga ndechekuti inonyatsoratidza kunzwisisa kwaVaObama nyaya dzepasi rose uye nenzvimbo chaiyo yeAmerica imomo. Aya haasi mashoko akanaka.
(Foreign Policy)
