Colonialism kubva pamudzi inoreva kutsvaga budiriro, kune budiriro inoda. Mukutaura kwezvematongerwo enyika, kutonga kwenyika ine simba pamusoro penyika isina simba kuitira kushandisa zviwanikwa uye hupfumi hwenyika nekunyepedzera kugadzira budiriro.
Mashandisirwo ezwi izwi rekuti colonialism mune zvematongerwo enyika anonyanyo reva nzira dzehudzvanyiriri hwenyika dzinokwanisa zvematongerwo enyika, sedzimwe nyika dzekuMadokero dzine matunhu anotsamira. Colonialism inonyanya basa renyika dzine humambo hwegungwa uye kusarurama kwevhu kunodzivirira kuumbwa kwemubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika, sehumambo hwepasi.
Pfungwa yekolonialism nhasi yakabatana zvizere nepfungwa ye imperialism, uye colonialism inonyanya basa remasimba ehurumende, simba rinoda kupinda mumiganhu yenyika nemadzinza uye kutonga dzimwe nyika, nyika uye madzinza.
Kunyange zvazvo colonialism ine nhoroondo yekare, nhoroondo yemafungiro ayo matsva inotanga muzana remakore rechi16 ne17. Nhoroondo yekolonialism kubva panguva yekare inogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zvina, nguva nhatu dzokutanga, pamwe chete dzinozivikanwa sechikolonialism yekare, uye nguva yechina. inozivikanwa se new colonialism.
Ancient Colonization ndiyo nguva yekutanga yekoloni munyika. Nhoroondo yekolonialism inotanga nekupinda kweFenikiya kumahombekombe eMediterranean.
Nguva yechipiri yekolonialism yakaitika pasi rose muzana ramakore rechi 15 nerechi 16 Makoroni eItaly akagumisa nguva yenhoroondo yekoloni, pakati payo yaiva Mediterranean, uye kubvira ipapo nhoroondo yekoloniyasi yakava paatlantic-Indian axis, ipapo Pacific Ocean. Kubva panguva ino simba reEurope rinopararira munyika isiri yeEurope. Kuwanikwa kweContinental United States kwakaita kuti hurumende huru dzeEurope (Spain, Portugal, France, England, Netherlands) dzitore nzvimbo itsva dzekondinendi iyi, kutanga nehutongi hutsva uye kuumbwa kwehumambo hutsva.
Kubva panguva ino zvichienda mberi, France, England neNetherlands dzakapinda mumunda dzichitevera Spain nePortugal, ichipa makoroni akati wandei uye musika wevashandi vekutengesa muNorth America, West Indies, Coasts of Africa neAsia.
Mushure menguva iyoyo, hondo dzekoloni dzakatanga, uye hondo dzakawanda pakati penyika dzeEurope dzakatungamirira kukoloni. England yakarwira kutora kutengeserana mumabhanga eAfrica neIndia neFrance, uye pakupedzisira, makoroni eFrance mumatunhu akawanda akaiswa pasi pekutarisirwa kweUK. 17th century yaive nguva yekukurumidza kukura kwezvematongerwo enyika yekoloni, uye zvinhu zviviri zvakaita basa guru uye rakasimba mukukunda kwehutongi hwevapambevhu, rimwe raive simba remauto ekuparadza vakwikwidzi, uye rimwe, kugadzira kana kupa zvinhu zvemaindasitiri kuti zvitakure kuenda. makoroni nengarava Spain yezana remakore rechi17 yakanga isina zvose zviri zviviri, uye Netherlands haina kukwikwidzana neFrance neEngland, uye somuuyo, hurumende mbiri idzi dzakava nyika dzakatanhamara dzekoloni. Iyi nguva yenhoroondo yekoloni yakapera mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18.
Nguva yechitatu yekoloni Munyika, yakatanga muna 19th uye 20th mazana emakore neKukura kwekutengeserana kwehupfumi kwakatungamira kuIndustrial Revolution uye kwakashandura hwaro hwehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika hwenyika dzemakoloni, uye kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvekoloni kwakawedzera, uye nyika idzi dzakava zvitubu zvekushandisa. maindasitiri enyika dzakabudirira uye misika yezvigadzirwa zvavo. Nguva yekumukira kweEurope yakaperekedzwa nefungu rerusununguko rwemakoloni. United States of America (yaichimbova koroni yeBritain muNorth America) yakatungamirira, ichiteverwa namavhozhokero namafambisirwo orusununguko muCentral neSouth America, ayo akanga aparadza kudzorwa kweSpain nePortugal.
Makore ekutanga ezana ramakore rechi 19 aiperekedzwa nekuvandudzwa kwemaBritish makoroni muCanada uye kusikwa kwemakoroni matsva muAustralia, South Africa neNew Zealand. Kutama kukuru kwakaitika pakati pezana rino ramakore uye kudiwa kuri kuwedzera kweindasitiri yeEngland yezvekudya uye zvigadzirwa zvakaita kuti makoroni aya ave nehutongi hukuru hune hurumende dzaive dzakazvimiririra. Panguva imwe cheteyo, zvishuvo zvebhizimisi zveBritain zvakavandudza kutarisira kwehurumende nzvimbo dzinopisa ndokuvamba “makoroni ari pasi” pasi petarisiro nokutarisira kweBritish Ministry of Colonies.
America; Koroni iyo pachayo yakazova koloni muchikamu chokupedzisira chechina chezana ramakore rechi 19, yakasimuka zvakare nokuda kwokukura kweindasitiri ne<em>capitalism, uye somuuyo, kuwanda kwepesvedzero yeFrance muNorth Africa yakawedzerwa, uye iyi hurumende yakadzora nokutarisira mativi makuru eNorth Africa. Zvishoma nezvishoma, kupatsanurwa kwenyika dzemuAfrica pakati penyika dzemakoloni kwakava kwakazara, uye pakupedzisira, mhando nyowani dzemakoloni dzakawanikwa sedziviriri uye nzvimbo dzesimba. Kupokana pamusoro pePacific Islands uye kugadzwa kwenzvimbo dzekutengeserana muChina, izvo zvaiperekedzwa nezviitiko zvichangoburwa, zvakaita kuti United States ive nyika itsva yekoloni pachiitiko chemhirizhonga yekoloni. Hondo Yenyika I yakaenzanisa kupatsanurwa kwemakoloni, uku ichiwedzera rudzi rutsva rwekoloni kune dzakapfuura, yaive "nyika iri pasi pekutariswa. "Kubuda kwemafambiro enyika muAsia neAfrica, kunyanya mushure meHondo Yenyika II, kwakagumisa hutongi hweEurope hwekoloni munzvimbo dzakawanda dzemakondinendi maviri aya, uye nhasi, kunze kwematunhu madiki mashoma pamakondinendi maviri aya, hapana koloni mu. pfungwa yayo yekare.
New colonialism ipfungwa inoshandiswa nenzira dzekuti, mushure menguva yekare yekoloni, inoshandiswa kutonga nyika mune zvehupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika.
Pamwe chete nezvakaitika mushure meHondo Yenyika II uye kurambwa kwekukwanisa kuita nyika dzekoloni zvakananga uye nekoloni, mitemo mitsva yakashandiswa pasi pezita reudzvanyiriri hutsva, uye tsika dzechinyakare dzekoloni dzakapera. Izvi zvinosanganisira nzira dzakaita seimwe-kugadzirwa kwenyika dzeTatu dzeNyika, mari yekunze nenyika dzakapfuma, nezvimwe.
Kupinda mifungo mitsva yemagariro, ehupfumi uye ezvematongerwo enyika mumatunhu Colony uye kuwedzera kwemafambiro ekurwisa hukoloni zvaive zvakakosha mukupedza hutongi hwechinyakare. Kare colonialism, mushure mekubuda kwemauto ayo ehondo uye vamiririri vanozivikanwa kubva kumakoloni, vakaunza zvido zvavo munzvimbo idzi nesimba nekuunza vatsigiri vepamba kune zvekushandisa.
Kukura kwehupfumi hwemacapitalist uye kutengeswa kwemari kunze kwenyika kuzoshandisa zviwanikwa zvedzimwe nyika kwakaunza hukama hwehupfumi hwenyika dzinoshandisa maindasitiri muchikamu chitsva nenyika diki, zvekuti nyika dzakabudirira, kuburikidza nekutengesa kwemari uye nzira yepasi rose yemitengo uye. kutengeserana kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvakagadzirwa uye zvematongerwe enyika uye zvehupfumi, kushandisa nyika dzakaderera-kukura, uye hukama uhwu hwakatora zita re "new colonialism" (neocolonialism) uye vazhinji vakashandisa nyika dzakaderera. Zvakanyandura nyika diki nedzichangobva kusunungurwa kurwisa rudzi urwu rwehukama hwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi.
Nzira ye "neo-colonial" inokonzera nyika dzisina simba kuti dzirambe dziripo kana kuti dzakadzokera shure mumatanho ekutanga ekukura kwehupfumi, pasinei nekuzvimiririra kwechokwadi kana kunze kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye zvakasiyana, nyika dzakabudirira dzinoita purofiti yakakura kubva mukushandisa zviwanikwa uye kuburikidza nekutengeserana kwehupfumi.
Chikoloniyamu chakaberekerwa kunyika dzokumavirira, asi mwana wenhema uyu akakurirawo kunyika dzokuMabvazuva. Kuvapo kwevapambi muMiddle East kwaive nekuda kwezvimedu zvakapfava uye zvakakora zvezviwanikwa, izvo zvisina kumbobvira zvaita kuti vatore hondo yakadzika yeColonialism-hyenas kubva kumatunhu aya.
IUnited States kumberi uye United Kingdom kuseri kwekukoloni kwedunhu, nekuongorora kuti United Kingdom iripo sei munharaunda uye kuziva mafambiro ayo munguva dzakasiyana-siyana, inogona kugadzirwa nzira huru uye ine simba yekupikisa kufamba kwekoloni, uye kusvika panguva ino, kubhadhara kukuru uye kwakarurama kune iyi pfungwa. yaitenda kuti kufarira kweEngland mukutonga kwenharaunda hakuna kungodzikira, asi mutongi wekoloni wekare akanga agadzirira zvirongwa zvitsva zvekutonga kukuru kwenharaunda. Nyika ino parizvino iri muIraq neAfghanistan iripo, yakatendeudzira maziso emakaro kune dzimwe nyika dzakasununguka mudunhu uye kuyedza kudziparadza.
Ehe, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mumutambo mutsva uyu, England inonyanya kuita basa renzira uye kumashure kwechiitiko, uye America ndiyo muromo wekurwiswa uye nhovo yedenda reEngland, Sezvo zvirongwa zvitsva zvichinyanya kuoma uye. yakavharwa, inobvisa zvine hunyanzvi, ichisiya United States iri yoga mukati mematambudziko uye pakati pevavengi vayo.
Mumaitiro matsva ehukoloniyasimu kubva mukumuka uye kungoerekana kwamuka kwemarudzi akakodzera, Vanotora mukana wemhepo uye vanotora zvakabudirira zvemafambiro avo echimurenga kuti vabatsirike. Naizvozvo, zvakaonekwa kuti kufamba kwenyika kwakatsigirwa neWestern imperialism uye kwakatsauka kubva munzira yese yechimurenga.
Iyi ndiyo nzira itsva yekolonialism iyo inorova zvisina kusimba pamuviri wevanhu uye magumo ezvematongerwo enyika ehurumende itsva mushure memhirizhonga. Muchokwadi, puppet ichauya pamasimba uye nekuda kweKusaziva kwevanhu kwenhandare, uye nemaoko avo, uye ipapo mhedzisiro yakaipa kwazvo yenyika inotarirwa ichatemwa. Kupfeka yunifomu yekudzivirira uye kunyepedzera kudzivirira zvido zvevanhu ibasa revadzvanyiriri vatsva.
