Makore makumi mana apfuura, izwi rekuti Stockholm Syndrome rakagadzirwa pakupera kwekukomba kwebhangi kwemazuva matanhatu. Chii uye nei ichitaurwa nguva nenguva mumamiriro ekutapwa?
Vanhu vazhinji vanoziva mutsara weStockholm Syndrome kubva kune dzakawanda dzepamusoro-soro dzekupamba uye nyaya dzekutapa - kazhinji dzinosanganisira vakadzi - idzo dzakataurwa.
Izwi iri rinonyanya kubatanidzwa naPatty Hearst, mugari wenhaka wepepanhau reCalifornia akapambwa nevarwi vehondo yechimurenga muna 1974. Akaita seanotanga kunzwira tsitsi vaimutapa ndokubatana navo muugororo. Akazobatwa ndokutongerwa jeri.
Asi gweta rinorwira Moyo, Bailey, akati mwana wemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe akagezwa pfungwa uye airwara ne "Stockholm Syndrome" - izwi rakanga richangobva kugadzirwa kutsanangura manzwiro aiita seasina musoro evamwe nhapwa kune avo vavatapa.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura izwi rakashandiswa munhau dzenhau nezve Natascha Kampusch kesi. Kampusch - akapambwa ari kakomana kane makore gumi okuberekwa naWolfgang Priklopil ndokuchengetwa muimba yepasi kwemakore masere - anonzi akachema paakanzwa kuti musungwa wake afa ndokumubatidza kenduru paakarara mumochari.
Nepo izwi iri richizivikanwa nevakawanda, chiitiko chakaita kuti pave nemari yayo chinoramba chisina kujeka.
Kunze kweSweden vashoma vanoziva mazita evashandi vebhangi Birgitta Lundblad, Elisabeth Oldgren, Kristin Ehnmark naSven Safstrom.
Waive 23 Nyamavhuvhu 1973 apo vana vakatorwa muKreditbanken neane makore makumi matatu nemaviri-mutsotsi Jan-Erik Olsson - uyo akazobatanidzwa kubhangi nemumwe aimbove musungwa. Mazuva matanhatu gare gare apo kumira kwacho kwakapera, zvakava pachena kuti vakaurayiwa vakanga vaumba humwe hukama hwakanaka nevaivabata.
Stockholm Syndrome yakaberekwa nenzira yekutsanangura.
Mutsara uyu unonzi wakagadzirwa nemutsotsi uye chiremba wepfungwa Nils Bejerot. Chiremba wepfungwa Dr Frank Ochberg akafadzwa nechiitiko ichi uye akaenderera mberi nekutsanangura chirwere cheFBI neScotland Yard muma1970.
Panguva iyoyo, aibatsira US National Task Force on Terrorism and Disorder kuronga nzira dzekutapa.
Maitiro ake aisanganisira zvinotevera: "Vanhu vekutanga vaizosangana nechinhu chinotyisa chinongouya kwavari kunze kweblue. Vane chokwadi chekuti vachafa.
“Vanobva vasangana nerudzi rwekuzvarirwa mucheche - apo, semwana, havakwanise kudya, kutaura kana kuenda kuchimbuzi pasina mvumo."
Zviito zviduku zvetsitsi - zvakadai sokupiwa zvokudya - zvinokurudzira "kutenda kwepakutanga kwechipo cheupenyu," anotsanangura kudaro.
"Vatapi vanonzwa manzwiro ane simba, echinyakare kune wavakatapa. Vari kuramba kuti uyu ndiye munhu akavaisa pakadai. Mupfungwa dzavo, vanofunga kuti uyu ndiye munhu achavarega vachirarama.”
Asi anoti nyaya dzeStockholm Syndrome hadziwanzo.
Saka, chii chakaitika mubhangi reStockholm's Norrmalmstorg square izvo zvakagonesa vatapi kuti vanzwe manzwiro akanaka kune avo vavatapa, kunyangwe vachityira hupenyu hwavo?
Mubvunzurudzo yakaitwa neRadio Sweden muna 2009, Kristin Ehnmark akatsanangura kuti: “Inyaya yaunopinda mairi kana tsika dzako dzose, tsika dzaunadzo dzichichinja neimwe nzira.”
Yaive Ehnmark iyo, maererano nemishumo, yakavaka hukama hwakasimba naOlsson. Pakatove nemashumo asina kururama mushure mekuti vaviri ava vainge vapfimbana.
Mune imwe runhare kubva kubhanga rebhanga kuenda kumutungamiri wenyika Olof Palme, Ehnmark akakumbira kuti abvumidzwe kubuda mubhanga nevapamba. Chimwe chezvaidiwa naOlsson kwaive kuendeswa kwemota yaaive aronga kutiza nevakatapwa. Vakuru vakanga varamba.
Achiudza Palme kuti "akaodzwa mwoyo" naye, Ehnmark akati: "Ndinofunga kuti wakagara ipapo uchitamba macheki nehupenyu hwedu. Ndinovimba zvizere naClark negororo. Handina kupererwa. Havana chavakatiitira. Mukupesana, vanga vakanaka zvikuru. Asi unoziva, Olof, chandiri kutya ndechekuti mapurisa acharwisa zvekuti tife.”
Mutori wenhau wekuAmerica Daniel Lang akabvunzurudza munhu wese aive mumutambo uyu gore rakatevera kuNew Yorker. Inopa mufananidzo wakakura kwazvo wekuti vatapi nenhapwa vaidyidzana sei.
Vatapi vakataura nezvekubatwa zvakanaka naOlsson, uye panguva iyo zvairatidza kuti vaitenda kuti vane chikwereti chehupenyu hwavo kune vaviri vemhosva, akanyora.
Pane imwe nguva Elisabeth Oldgren aitya zvikuru akabvumirwa kubuda muimba yaichengeterwa zvinhu yakanga yava jeri ravo asi akangosungirirwa tambo muhuro make.
Akataura kuti panguva iyoyo aifunga kuti "zvine mutsa" waOlsson kumubvumira kufamba-famba pasi pebhangi.
Safstrom yakati yakatonzwa kutenda apo Olsson akamuudza kuti ari kuronga kumupfura - kuratidza mapurisa kuti ainzwisisa kuti aireva bhizinesi - asi akawedzera kuti aizoita chokwadi chekuti aisamuuraya uye aizomurega atanga adhakwa.
“Apo akatibata zvakanaka, taigona kufunga nezvake saMwari wekukurumidzira,” akapfuurira kudaro.
Stockholm Syndrome inowanzo shandiswa kutsanangura ambivalent manzwiro evasungwa, asi manzwiro evatapi anochinjawo.
Olsson akataura pakutanga kwekukomba angadai akauraya "zviri nyore" vasungwa asi izvo zvakange zvachinja nekufamba kwemazuva.
“Ndakaziva kuti varapi vepfungwa vandakabvunzurudza vakanga vasiya chimwe chinhu: vanyajambwa vaigona kuonana nevanorova sezvaitaurwa navanachiremba, asi zvinhu zvakanga zvisiri nenzira imwe chete,” akanyora kudaro Lang.
"Olsson akataura nehasha. 'Yaiva mhosva yevatapi,' akadaro. 'Vakaita zvose zvandakavaudza kuti vaite. Dai vasina, ndingadai ndisiri pano zvino. Ko sei vasina kundirwisa? Vakaita kuti zviome kuuraya. Vakaita kuti tigare tese zuva nezuva sembudzi mutsvina iyoyo. Pakanga pasisina zvokuita kunze kwekuzivana.’”
Pfungwa yekuti vapari vemhosva vanogona kuratidza manzwiro akanaka kune nhapwa chinhu chakakosha cheStockholm Syndrome icho vanotaurirana nedambudziko vanokurudzirwa kuti vagadzire, maererano nechinyorwa mu2007 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Inogona kuvandudza mikana yekupona kwenhapwa, yakatsanangura.
Asi nepo Stockholm syndrome yakagara ichiratidzwa pamapurisa ekutapa makosi enhaurirano, haawanzo sangana, anodaro Hugh McGowan, akapedza makore makumi matatu neshanu neDhipatimendi reMapurisa reNew York.
McGowan aive mutungamiri mukuru uye mukuru wenhaurirano weHostage Negotiation Team, iyo yakavambwa muna Kubvumbi 1973 mushure mezviitiko zvakati wandei zvakaitika muna 1972 - kubirwa kwebhangi kwakafuridzira firimu reImbwa Zuva Masikati, kumukira kwakauya. kuguma nechisimba mujeri reAttica muNew York uye kuurayiwa kwevanhu vakawanda paMunich Olympics.
“Ndingaomerwa kuti nditaure kuti iripo,” anodaro. “Dzimwe nguva mune zvepfungwa vanhu vanotsvaga chikonzero nemhedzisiro kana chisipo.
"Stockholm yaive mamiriro akasiyana. Zvakaitika panguva yatakanga tava kutanga kuona mamwe mamiriro ehutapwa uye pamwe vanhu vaisada kutora chimwe chinhu chatingazoona zvakare. "
Anobvuma kuti izwi iri rakawana mari muchidimbu nekuda kwekuunza pamwe chete kweminda yezvepfungwa uye chipurisa mundima yekutapa nhaurirano.
Iko hakuna nzira inogamuchirwa yakawanda yekuongorora chirwere chekuziva chirwere, icho chinozivikanwawo sechigandanga-bonding kana trauma bonding uye haisi mune rimwe remabhuku maviri makuru epfungwa, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders uye International Statistical Classification ye. Zvirwere uye Matambudziko Ehutano Anoenderana (ICD).
Asi nheyo dzinokosha dzemashandiro ainoita dzinogona kuenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana, vanodaro dzimwe nyanzvi dzepfungwa.
“Muenzaniso chaiwo ndewemhirizhonga mudzimba, kana mumwe munhu - kazhinji mukadzi - aine pfungwa yekutsamira kune mudiwa wake uye achigara naye," anodaro nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Jennifer Wild, chipangamazano wezvepfungwa paYunivhesiti yeOxford.
“Anogona kunzwa tsitsi pane kutsamwa. Kushungurudzwa kwevana ndechimwezve – kana vabereki vachishungurudza vana vavo mupfungwa kana kuti panyama, asi mwana anovadzivirira uye haatauri nezvazvo kana kunyepa nezvazvo.”
Makore makumi mana zvichienda mberi uye izwi rinosimudzwa pese pese panowanikwa munhu anenge abirwa mushure memakore mazhinji asingaonekwe neruzhinji. Vamwe vanopokana kuti hunhu hwayo hunoreva kushoropodzwa kweanopona - kushaya simba pamwe.
Mubvunzurudzo ye2010 ne Guardian, Kampusch yakaramba zita reStockholm Syndrome, richitsanangura kuti hazvifungi nezvesarudzo dzine musoro dzinoitwa nevanhu mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu.
Anoti, “Ndinozviona zviri zvomuzvarirwo kuti uchinje kuti uwirirane neakakupamba. “Kunyanya kana uchipedza nguva yakawanda nemunhu iyeye. Ndezvekunzwira tsitsi, kutaurirana. Kutsvaga zvakajairika mukati megadziriro yemhosva haisi syndrome. Iri nzira yekupona."
BBC
