Oko kwaqala uqhushululu eSyria ngentwasahlobo ka-2011, bekunzima ukunika ingxelo kweli lizwe. Abafowunelwa bangaphambili bafile ngoku okanye abanakufunyanwa, kwaye ilizwe lingamabhodlo. Ngoku, phakathi kweemeko ezimanyumnyezi, ukulungelelana kwegunya kubonakala ngathi kutshintshile, abavukeli beqalisa ukongama.
Ubusuku buba ngokukhawuleza eSyria, njengoko iilori ezithwele kakhulu ezithwele iintsapho zeembacu ezilahlekileyo ziphuma kwinkungu. Izibane eziphuma kwinqwelo-mafutha yethu ziwela phezu kwezindlu ezidilikileyo njengoko sihamba kwimithi yomnquma nakwiidolophu ezingasasetyenziswayo. Imililo inokubonwa ngamaxesha athile mgama.
Sikhe saqhuba ngale ndlela ngaphambili, ngo-Epreli ka-2012, nto leyo kwezi ntsuku ngathi kudala. Ngelo xesha, wawusekho umbane apha, yaye abantu babesahlala eTaftanas, eSarmin, eKurin nakwezinye iidolophana ezikwiPhondo lase-Idlib, kumantla eSiriya. Kodwa ngoku, ngoDisemba ka-2012, zonke iilali azinamntu kwaye zinemingxuma yeembumbulu, abahlali bazo babalekile kuhlaselo lwasemoyeni, indlala kunye neengqele eziqhaqhazelisa amazinyo.
Emva kwexesha, sifika kwidolophana apho abahlali bengazange babonise ngokuphandle ngokuchasene nozwilakhe waseSiriya uBashar Assad kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ngenxa yoko, basenawo umbane nanamhlanje. Indoda ivula ucango, ingcangcazela njengoko ijonge kuloo ndawo imanzi, nebandayo. “Ndiyambulela uThixo ngale mozulu!” Utsho efixiza. Imvula ibina kangangeentsuku, kwaye yonke into ibonakala intywila kwinkungu nodaka. Kodwa inkungu ikwasisithintelo kwinqwelomoya kunye neehelikopta, igcina le ndawo ibhombu eqhelekileyo kangangeentsuku ezimbalwa kwaye inika umzuzu wokuzola phakathi kwe-apocalypse.
namhlanje, Siriya lilizwe eliphanzileyo. Izixeko zijike zaba ngamabala edabi, kwaye kwiindawo apho imikhosi ka-Assad kunye nemikhosi kwanyanzelwa ukuba irhoxe, umkhosi wayo womoya ngoku utshisa iziseko zophuhliso.
Nangona kunjalo, emva kweenyanga zongquzulwano olungagungqiyo phakathi kwemikhosi engalinganiyo, apho amaphondo engazange aphulukane norhulumente okanye azuzwe ngabavukeli, ibhalansi iye yaguquka ngequbuliso. Iinkampu zomkhosi, izikhululo zeenqwelo moya kunye nezixeko ziwela kubavukeli, ngelixa iiyunithi zomkhosi waseSyria ezidangeleyo nezilambileyo zinikezela. Aba bavukeli sele bekwimida esempuma yeDamasko, ikomkhulu. Umkhosi ukhusela iindawo zawo zokugqibela ezisemantla nasempuma, njengeziqithi eziselwandle, ezikwaziyo ukufumana izinto ezivela emoyeni kuphela. Nditsho norhulumente waseRussia, oyena mhlobo ubalulekileyo ka-Assad ecaleni kweIran, uyamlahla kancinci kancinci uzwilakhe. Ngaphambi kweKrisimesi, uMongameli waseRussia uVladimir Putin wathi akakhathali ngekamva lolawulo lwase-Assad.
Ixhala malunga nasemva kwemfazwe Siriya
“Sidiniwe,” utsho omnye wabavukeli ababehlanganisene elalini ngale ngokuhlwa. Eli qela liquka indoda etyholwa ngokusasaza isonka, iqaqobana lamajoni kunye nomnini wokuphela komnxeba wesatellite kule lali. Wonke umntu olapha uphulukene nezihlobo nezalamane, kwilizwe elitshonayo macala onke.
“Nabanye, amajoni, nabo badiniwe. Kodwa noko siyayazi into esiyilwelayo,” utshilo lo mvukeli. Nangona maxa wambi bexhalabele ikamva, malunga neentsuku zasemva koloyiso xa impindezelo iya kwenziwa, omnye wongezelela: “Ngubani onokubeka ityala umntu obulewe yintsapho yakhe?
Kodwa loo nto yayiza kuyishiya phi inguqu eyayijoliswe ukuwisa uzwilakhe, kodwa ingalifakeli ilizwe kwimfazwe yamakhaya? Ulawulo luka-Assad luya kuwa, kodwa akukho mntu uyazi ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni emva koko.
INtshona inombono ongaqhelekanga wenguquko yaseSyria, ekhuthazwa kubuninzi beengxelo, iifoto kunye neevidiyo ezivela kwindawo yemfazwe. Kodwa ngoobani kanye aba maSyria, abathi ekuqaleni abambalwa, kwaye emva kwamakhulu amawaka, baqala ukuqhankqalaza ngentwasahlobo ka-2011 kwaye ekugqibeleni bathabatha izixhobo ngokuchasene norhulumente? Yintoni eyenzekayo kweli lizwe apho - kuxhomekeke ekutolikweni komntu iziganeko - nokuba amaqela e-al-Qaida kudala angena kwimvukelo okanye iCIA ibeka yonke into ukuzisa "utshintsho lolawulo?"
Ubuncinci i-2 yezigidi zamaSyria ngoku ziimbacu kwilizwe labo, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-500,000 ibalekele kumazwe angabamelwane. Kule veki, iZizwe eziManyeneyo zabika ukuba ziqikelela ukuba bangaphezulu kwama-60,000 abantu ababuleweyo kuqhankqalazo.
Iminyaka emibini yoTshintsho
Ukususela ekuqaleni kwe-revolution, thina-umfaki-zithombe, umlingane waseSiriya kunye nam-siye sajikeleza ilizwe ngamaxesha amaninzi, ngokuyininzi silandela iindlela ezifihlakeleyo, ezidlulela kwiqela elichasayo lendawo ukuya kwelinye. Siye sazimela sanxiba iimpahla zokuzifihla, sadutyulwa saleqwa. Akulula ukujamelana nesibakala sokuba uninzi lwabantu abasincedayo ngoku bafile.
Uhambo lwangoku, kamsinya nje phambi kweKrisimesi, sisibhozo sethu ukususela ekuqaleni kwenguqu. Idlula emantla ukuya eDeir el-Zour, iziko loshishino lwepetroleum kuMlambo umEfrate, nzulu kwintlango esempuma yelizwe. Kuhambo lwethu lwangaphambili, sadlula ngaphezu kwesibini kwisithathu semimandla yabemi baseSyria, ngokufuthi sichitha iiveki sihamba eDamasko, eHoms, eHama, eAleppo, eIdlib nakwezinye izixeko, iidolophu needolophana ezingenakubalwa.
Sibone isiqalo soqhanqalazo olunoxolo, i-inferno kunye namaxesha angaqhelekanga okuzola phakathi.
Ekuqaleni, ngo-2011, ndahamba kwilizwe kathathu kwi-visa esemthethweni, kuthiwa ngumcebisi wezolimo, i-alibi engenangqondo kangangokuba yayingekho ukukrokra. Kwiindawo zokuhlola imikhosi karhulumente, iye yanceda ukuzibonakalisa ukuba ndingumKristu ozinikeleyo - hayi ngenxa yokuba onke amaKristu exhasa uAssad, kodwa ngenxa yokuba urhulumente angathanda ukufumana inkxaso yawo. Ngo-2011, sasisakwazi ukuhla siphindela phakathi kwala macala mabini. Kodwa, ngo-2012, sinokuhamba kuphela kwiindawo ezingasalawulwa yimikhosi ka-Assad. Ngelishwa, oku kwanciphisa icandelo lethu lombono.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indawo elawulwa ngabavukeli inkulu kwaye ayilingani ngokwaneleyo ukuphepha ukudibanisa neqela ngalinye. Ngaphezu koko, senza umgudu omanyeneyo wokunikela ingxelo kuphela ngezinto esiye sazifumana ngokwethu.
Eli libali lesiphelo esixengaxengayo. Abantu eqala ngabo, ehlotyeni lika-2011, phantse bonke bafile okanye balahlekile. Abanye bathathe indawo yabo, kwaye abanye babo ngoku bafile, nabo. Abanye baye baqaqadeka yaye bathe phithi kukuphindezela. Kanti abanye baziguqulile: Abahombisi bangaphakathi baye baba ngabaphathi be-guerilla kwaye oombane ngoku ngoosodolophu. Benza izinto abangazange bakufunde ukuzenza, besakha inkqubo entsha kwanangaphambi kokuba indala ibhukuqwe.
Iintsuku Zokuqala Ezigcwele Ukungaqiniseki
Ngo-2011, kwabakho isiphithiphithi emoyeni, kodwa akukho namnye eDamasko owayenokuyithelekelela into eyayiza kwenzeka kamva. Abanye babahlobo endabenzayo ngowe-1989, xa ndachitha unyaka ndifunda kwiyunivesithi yaseDamasko, bazenzela ishishini. Akukho namnye kubo owayekholelwa ngokunzulu ukuba ilizwe liya kubona naluphi na utshintsho olukhulu.
Kodwa ke, ngentwasahlobo ka-2011, iividiyo zeYouTube ezingcangcazelayo ezithathwe eDaraa emazantsi kunye ne-Idlib emantla zavela. Ekugqibeleni kwavakala iindaba zokuba amakhulu amawaka aye aqhankqalaza eHama, apho ngo-1982, uHafez Assad, uyise kamongameli wangoku kunye nomseki wobukhosi buka-Assad, wayebethe ngenkohlakalo uvukelo kwaye umkhosi wakhe watshabalalisa isiqingatha sombindi wesixeko.
Ekuqaleni, kwakukho iindaba zeziganeko ezenzeka kwiindawo ezikude kakhulu zelizwe, kuphela iiyure ezimbini okanye ezintathu zokuhamba ngemoto, ukanti ngandlel’ ithile zazingaqondakali ngokuzola kweDamasko. “Siza kutshintsha! Ndiyibonile kumabonwakude, ”ndixelelwe ngumhlobo wakudala eDamasko, onobugcisa obubiza kakhulu ezindongeni zakhe kunye namatyala kaRemy Martin cognac kwikhabhinethi yakhe - umgxeki okrelekrele onoyise, owayelilungu leqela eliphikisayo, wabaleka ilizwe. kwiminyaka eyadlulayo wafela elubhacweni. Ngo-2011, unyana wajongana nengxaki efanayo nabanye abaninzi: Akukho mntu wayekholelwa kulawulo, kwaye akukho mntu wayenokucinga ukuwa kwayo.
Phezu kwako nje ukuzola kwangaphandle, uloyiko lwalukho kuyo yonke indawo. Ngubani onokumthemba? Sasisavunyelwa ukuba sitsalele umnxeba njengoko sithanda, ukanti sasingakwazi ukuthetha phandle emnxebeni. Kamva, imeko yayiza kubuyiselwa umva xa wonke umntu ethetha, kodwa uthungelwano lwalusiya luqhekeka. Kwakhona kwakusenokwenzeka ukutyhutyha ilizwe lonke, kodwa kwakufuneka umntu enze iinzame ezingaqhelekanga zokudibana namalungu aphikisayo avela kwezinye izixeko.
Ekugqibeleni, seva ukuba umfundisi ongumDatshi ongumJesuit owayehlala eSiriya kangangeminyaka engama-35 wayesuka eDamasko esiya eHoms. Wacela ukusisa kwindawo esemaphandleni kwikhaya lakhe loonongendi, apho yayicinezela iwayini nalapho wayeza kukhokela ikhefu lempelaveki.
Ukuhamba nomfundisi kwibhasi kawonke wonke kwakungarhanelwanga kwindawo ka-Assad. Sazama ukucacisela umlweli womzabalazo waseHoms, owayefuna ukuhamba nathi siye kuqhankqalazo lwasebusuku, apho wayeza kusilanda khona ngentsasa elandelayo. Kodwa wayengasiqondi isizathu sokuba adibane nathi kumzi-mveliso wewayini wamaJesuit yaye akazange afike, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba wayecinga ukuba ngumgibe.
Oku kwakuthetha ukuba sasinyanzelekile ukuba siye kwindawo yokusebenzela kaTata uFrans. Kwakukho ukudubula eHoms, yaye kwafuneka sicamngce kangangeentsuku ezimbini. Kwakukho iidrones ezijikelezayo esibhakabhakeni ngaphezulu kwethu, kwaye senza i-yoga.
Sasingazi nokuba umninimzi wayekweliphi icala. Maxa wambi wayesithi olu qhankqalazo lufanelekile, yaye maxa wambi wayebiza abavukeli ngokuba ngabagrogrisi, nto leyo esishiya sididekile. Kodwa sasixhalabele ukuba singazifaki engxakini yena okanye thina ngokwethu. Kwaba njalo kuyo yonke indawo kwiinyanga ezimbalwa zokuqala, ixesha apho abantu babethetha kancinci ngezinto ezisezingqondweni zabo kuba basephantsi koloyiko oludala olwalubambe ilizwe iminyaka engama-41.
Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, senza ilinge lethu lokuqala lokufikelela eHoms. Sawathenga amatikiti ethu kwisikhululo sebhasi, kodwa kwafuneka agximfizwe kwikhawuntara enabasebenzi bezixhobo zobuntlola ngaphambi kokuba sivunyelwe ukuba sikhwele ibhasi.
“KweHoms?” Umfazi okwikhawuntara wajonga kuthi cwaka ixesha elide ngaphambi kokubhala "Aleppo" kumatikiti ethu. I-Aleppo, ibambelele ngokuqinileyo kwizandla zikarhulumente, yayingekarhanelwa ngelo xesha. Ukuba iAleppo ibigximfizwe kumatikiti ethu, akukho mntu unokubuza imibuzo, yaye ibhasi ehamba umgama omde eya eAleppo yema eHoms. Yayisisenzo esincinane sokubhukuqa.
IHoms, isixeko esinemizi-mveliso esikumbindi weSyria, siya kuphawula inguquko. NgoAgasti 2011, sazimanya nabaqhankqalazi ababesazi ukuba abezokhuseleko banokudubula nanini na.
Kwakusekho uqhanqalazo ebusika ngo-2011, kodwa kuphela kwiindawo ezingaphandle koluhlu lwabahlaseli borhulumente. Ukuzingela kwaqala emva kwemini, xa babedubula nabani na ozama ukuya kwelinye icala. Ngobo busika, okwesihlandlo sokuqala, seva umbuzo owawunegama elinye kuphela nowachaphazela wonke umntu. Sakhwazwa ngumfazi owayezigqume isigqubuthelo esitratweni: “Ouen?” okanye “Uphi?”
Apho, amaSiriya ayefuna ukwazi, ayephi amaMerika, amaYurophu, abazalwana bawo abangama-Arabhu, ihlabathi liphela? Kwakutheni ukuze wonke umntu abukele nje?
Emva komngcwabo kumangcwaba edolophana, indoda endala yema emoyeni wasebusika njengoko i-laconically - kwaye ngokuchanekileyo - yaxela kwangaphambili ukuba kuza kwenzeka ntoni. “Ayikuyeka,” watsho. "UBashar uza kubulala abantu abaninzi njengoko ihlabathi livuma."
I wonder kwenzeke ntoni ngexhego. Iindawo esizityeleleyo ebusika ngo-2011 ngoku zingamabhodlo, kwaye umkhosi uvale iHoms. Abo sasihamba nabo sinqumla amasimi abusika, sixina kwiindlela zokungena kunye nedada siphepha abahlaseli, asisekho. Kukho ifoto yokuvalelisa, ethathwe eHoms ngoJanuwari 2012, ka-SPIEGEL umfoti uMarcel Mittensiefen kunye namalungu amathathu "ekomiti yeendaba" yasekuhlaleni abasincedileyo. Bobathathu bafile.
Utshintsho luza ngokucothayo ezilalini
U-Omar Astalavista yayiligama elingeyonyani elalisetyenziswa ngumfundi wobunjineli owayehamba nathi kwindawo yaseHoms yaseKhalidiya ngo-Agasti, ngoDisemba nangoFebruwari. Waseka unxibelelwano waza waqinisekisa ukuba sinokutya kunye neendawo zokulala. Rhoqo ngeentsuku ezimbalwa, wayebuyela kwelinye icala, icala elisemthethweni, ukuze agqibezele iimviwo zakhe zokugqibela eyunivesithi. “Kuphambene, ndiyazi, kodwa andizukubavumela ukuba bachithe isidanga sam,” utshilo.
Xa wathi ndlela-ntle kuMarcel ngentsasa ye-4 kaFebruwari, wathi kuye: "Ndiyathemba ukuba ndingakunika igama lam lokwenyani kwixesha elizayo." Wafa kwiiyure ezimbalwa kamva. Wayezama ukufota ukuchacha kwamaxhoba kuhlaselo lodaka xa omnye udaka wabetha. Igama lakhe lokwenyani yayinguMazhar Tayyara.
U-Abu Yassir no-Abu Mohammed, amanye amadoda amabini asesithombeni, abaleka eHoms kwiiveki ezimbalwa kamva, ngezicwangciso zokuya ngaphantsi komhlaba eDamasko. Badutyulwa babulawa apho ngexesha logqogqo ngoMatshi.
Ubawo uFrans, umJesuit ongafundekiyo owathi, kwihlobo elidluleyo, wakuphepha ukuzimanya nelinye icala, wahlala kumzi woonongendi kwicandelo elidala laseHoms. Malunga neentsapho ezingama-50 zamaKristu kunye namaSilamsi, ezingakwaziyo okanye ezingazukubaleka, kuxelwe ukuba ziye zasabela kwikhaya loonongendi.
Utshintsho oluphambili kwibhalansi yolawulo lwaseSyria alwenzekanga ezixekweni, kodwa kumawaka eelali ezisemaphandleni. Umkhosi ka-Assad wawumkhulu kwaye uhamba. Kodwa yayingenakubakho yonke indawo. Abantu bebengoyiki ezilalini njengasezidolophini kuba wonke umntu ebesazi. Ngokuthe ngcembe kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe, abantu ezilalini baqalisa ukutshintsha.
Imikhosi ka-Assad ayikwazanga ukuthintela yonke idolophana ukuba ijoyine abavukeli. Kodwa, ekuqaleni kowama-2012, yayisenokohlwaya yonke ilali ngokwenza oko. Xa sasihamba nge-Idlib ngo-Epreli, salandela umkhondo we-76th Armored Brigade.
Ukulwa Uloyiko Ngokuhleka
Lo mkhosi wagqobhoza emaphandleni njengomkhosi wamaxesha aphakathi onezixhobo zale mihla, uhlasela ilali ngeelali ngeehelikopta neetanki. Amajoni namajoni aqeshiweyo aphanga ezi zindlu aza azitshisa. Abantu babengcungcuthekiswa baze badutyulwe bafa, kuquka iinkomo, iigusha namahobe. Emva kweeyure ezimbalwa, okanye ngamanye amaxesha kangangeentsuku ezinesiqingatha, imikhosi ephangi yayiza kunyamalala kwakhona, kodwa ngaphandle kokushiya ikhadi labo lokufowuna emva kweendonga zesakhiwo: “Liwa al-Maut,” okanye “iBrigade yokufa,” igama ababelinike iimpahla zabo.
Silandele umkhondo wabo kwiilali ezisibhozo, apho sabona amangcwaba amatsha, iimfumba zezilwanyana ezifileyo kunye nezikolo kunye neendawo zonqulo ezinemingxuma ebanzi yeemitha apho amaqokobhe etanki abethe khona. Sathi ntsho kumabhodlo amnyama ezakhiwo saza sabona umzobo oseludongeni, unamagama afanayo ngokuphindaphindiweyo: “Assad ngonaphakade! Okanye siza kulitshisa ilizwe!”
Ekuphela kwento ababenokuyenza abo basindileyo kukusaba, yaye abaninzi benjenjalo. Kodwa abanye basala. “Singabalimi,” utshilo uKhalid Abdul Kadir waseBashiriya. “Yintoni enye esimele siphile ngayo? Iicherry neeapilkosi ziza kuvuthwa kungekudala.”
Iingceba zinokushenxiswa yaye abantu banokuyoyisa intlungu yabo, kodwa yintoni abanokuyenza nxamnye noloyiko?
“I-Sarcasm,” watsho uAziz Adjini, owayefundisa isiNgesi kwiDyunivesithi yase-Idlib ngaphambi kokuba abuyele kwilali yakhe, eKurin. Ukuhleka kunceda ukothuka, wathi, "kuba eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba soyise uloyiko lwethu lwanaphakade." Ngamadevu akhe kunye nomkhwa wokukhupha amehlo akhe, u-Adjini, owayephakathi kweminyaka engama-40, wayefana noGroucho Marx. Weza nezilogeni ezisetyenziswe kuqhanqalazo lwangoLwesihlanu eKurin, ezinje: "UBhashar ufuna ukuba abahlali barhoxe ezixekweni zabo ukukhusela iitanki ezilapho."
U-Adjini wayekholelwa kumandla engqiqo kwaye wala ukudubula. Kodwa umzala wakhe, uMahmoud Adjini, wayeyi-lieutenant kwiqela elixhobileyo lamajoni ngaphambi kokuba ayeke ukujoyina uMkhosi waMahala waseSyria (FSA), awawuqeqeshela umkhosi omncinci welali. Wathi: “Ukuba sikhe sibe namatanki, ndiya kukwazi ukuwaphatha.”
Omnye umza, uMohammed Adjini, umalathisi wesikolo sasekuhlaleni, wayekhe wamxhasa ngenzondelelo urhulumente. Kodwa xa yonke into ibhideka, iya phi loo nkxaso? Wagqiba ekubeni angayihoyi into yokuba elinye iziko likarhulumente lidubule isikolo sakhe ngamatanki ngoxa iiklasi zaziqhubeka, yaye esona sizathu sokuba kungafi mntu kukuba abafundi babekwazile ukuqhwesha kwimizuzu nje embalwa ngaphambili.
Emva koko u-Adjini ebesemnxebeni nelinye iziko lolawulo, ugunyaziwe wesikolo, ethethathethana malunga nokuba zeziphi iifomu ezifunekayo ukuze kucelwe izixhobo zokufundisa ezitsha ukuze kuthathelwe indawo ezo zazitshiswe kuhlaselo.
Ukutshatyalaliswa ngokuNikela
Ngokudibeneyo, abazala abathathu baka-Adjini benza umfanekiso weemeko ezisenyakatho. Okwangoku, uAziz wayebonakala elungile. EBashiriya, ilali eyayithwaxwa kanobom, amadoda ayehleli emthunzini wesakhiwo esonakeleyo aze, njengoAziz, enze iziqhulo ezibuhlungu malunga nobuxoki borhulumente. "Kwakutheni ukuze umkhosi udubule iinkomo?" Impendulo: “Kuba bahlawulwa ngabantu baphesheya.” Amadoda ancuma. Yandula ke enye indoda yathi: “Khangela iigusha, zidlakadlaka noboya. Kucacile ukuba bangamaSilamsi!” Amadoda atswina. “Kucacile ukuba la mahobe ebesebenza njengabathuthi beMossad!” yatsho indoda yesithathu, ibhekisela kwinkonzo yezobuntlola yakwaSirayeli yasemzini. Baphinda bahleka, bezama ukoyisa uloyiko lwabo.
Yayikukuzola phakathi kwezaqhwithi. Kwangelo xesha linye, ngentsasa yangoAprili 10, bonke abemi bedolophu yaseMaraa, emalunga neekhilomitha ezili-100 (iikhilomitha ezingama-62) ukuya kumntla-mpuma, babebalekile kumkhosi owawusondela. Ayefumene isilumkiso kwangaphambili sokuba ayenodonga lobusuku obunye kwiinduli zezindlu zonqulo zamaSilamsi ukuze athintele abahlaseli ukuba bangene kwizikhundla zabo, njengoko benzile kwezinye iindawo. Emva koko babalekela kumasimi omnquma okanye babalekela eTurkey ekufuphi.
Ukubuya kwabo, uYassir al-Hajji, umnini wevenkile yokutyela, wafumanisa ukuba ifriji yakhe ivuthelwe ngeebhombu zesandla yaye idesika yakhe igqobhozelwe ngeembumbulu zompu womatshini. Wayefudukele kwiminyaka engama-30 edlulileyo kwaye wayenepasipoti yaseMelika, wayesebenze eMaraa njengomqeqeshi webhola kwaye, kutshanje, wayenevenkile ye-antique e-Athene, kodwa wabuyela ekuqaleni kwe-2011 xa uqhanqalazo lokuqala luqala. Iphupha lakhe yayikukumela uMaraa epalamente ngenye imini. “Ibilithuba lethu elo, besicinga. Besazi ukuba kuya kuba nzima,” utshilo. "Kodwa yintoni?" Wafumana namagama afumaneka kuyo yonke indawo awayebhalwe ngamajoni aseburhulumenteni, awawafota ngaphambi kokuba aqatywe mhlophe: “Assad ngonaphakade! Okanye siza kulitshisa ilizwe!”
Nakumlawuli onguzwilakhe, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukusongela abantu ngokutshabalalisa ilizwe lonke. Akazange enze loo nto nowayesakuba nguzwilakhe wase-Iraq uSaddam Hussein okanye iqabane lakhe laseLibya, uMoammar Gadhafi. Ityhila ubudlelwane obungaqhelekanga be-Assads kunye nelizwe labo. Xa uyise kaBashar uHafez Assad wathumela umntakwabo uRifaat eSaudi Arabia emva kokubulawa kwabantu eHama ngo-1982, ukumkani waseSaudi wala ukumbona. URifaat wathumela uluvo lwakhe kukumkani, ehambisana nesisongelo esoyikekayo esithi: “Ukuba sinokuphinda sisongelwa, asiyi kuvuma ukuyitshabalalisa iHama kuphela kodwa kwaneDamasko.”
Ngaphandle kokuzimisela apho i-Assads igcine khona ukubamba ilizwe kule minyaka ingamashumi amane idlulileyo, babonakala bengadityaniswa nabo babalawulayo. Bayiphatha iSiriya njengexhoba elifanele ukubanjwa, ukuze litshatyalaliswe kunokuba linikezelwe. Akukho nto inokuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo xa ifika kumandla ka-Assad kunye ne-Alawite yakhe encinci. Ngokuchasene noko, ngaphambi kokuba i-Assad ephezulu ibe namandla emva kokutshatyalaliswa komkhosi, ama-Alawites, malunga neepesenti ze-10 zabemi, yayingabantu abahlwempuzekileyo kweli lizwe, beza kuphela eDamasko njengabakhonzi. Kodwa emva koko uHafez Assad, emva kokunyuka kwemikhosi yomkhosi, ekugqibeleni wangena kulawulo kwelinye iphulo, ngo-1970. “Siza kulitshisa ilizwe!”
Ukukhangela iiBearings
Ukuzola okudidekileyo kwabakho ezilalini ekuqaleni kwehlobo lika-2012, njengoko iitanki zatshabalalisa izixeko apho abahlali babevukela khona: iHoms, iRastan, iDeir el-Zour, idolophu esemantla eDamasko.
U-Yassir al-Hajji wabanjwa phakathi kobuso bomntu ngokupheleleyo. Wayeyinkokeli yabahlali bemvukelo eMaraa. IAleppo, isixeko esikhulu esikumantla eSiriya, yayisesezandleni zolawulo ngokupheleleyo. Intombi kaHajji eneminyaka eli-14 ubudala kwakusafuneka igqibe neemviwo zokugqibela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo apho, yaye yayizimisele ukwenjenjalo.
Rhoqo kusasa kangangesithuba esingangeveki, sasijonge ngonxunguphalo njengoko intombi yakhe yayisiya eAleppo ngeendlela ezingasemva, iphelekwa ngumakazi owayedla ngokulinda ngaphandle kwesikolo ukuze ayilumkise le ntwazana xa amagosa ezobuntlola ayefika esikolweni ukuze ayibambe. Kodwa akukho nto yenzekayo. Umlo eAleppo waqala kwiiveki ezintandathu kamva.
Ngaphandle kweedolophu ezincinci, iSyria ngehlobo lika-2012 yaziva ngathi ibuyiselwa kwiXesha Eliphakathi. Akukho mntu wayesazi ukuba imeko yayinjani emva komqolo weenduli ezilandelayo. Iimbono zethu ziye zatshintsha ngokwethuku kwindlela esasihamba ngayo. Sasihamba kwiidolophana ngeedolophana ngeendledlana ezincinane, okanye sinqumla amasimi anothuli, sinqumla kwiintlambo nakwimithi yomnquma. Sasiziphepha izixeko neendlela ezinkulu.
Lonke uhambo olunqumla elundinindini lwaba luhambo, olo salwenza imephu ngeengqalutye esantini neemephu ezineenkcukacha esizizobileyo. Babebekwe phi abalindi bomkhosi? Ukusukela kweziphi iinduli abahlaseli babo babenombono weziphi iindawo? Ngaba inethiwekhi engenazingcingo ibisebenza? Ukuba akunjalo, ngaba ukho umntu owayenawo unomathotholo? Kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ngubani owayeza kuqhuba ngaphambili?
Phezu kwako nje ucwangciso, kwakungekho nto ingako ngolu hambo eyayinokucwangciswa ngokwenene. Ngenxa yoko, kwakungekho ndlela ibhetele yokubona oko kwenzekayo kwelo lizwe kunokuthabatha olu hambo, ekwathi ebudeni balo sasidla ngokuxinga, siphulaphula amabali obomi, iingcaciso zesizathu sokuba ijoni litshintshe icala okanye indlela umqhubi webhasi aye waba ngayo. umlwi.
Sasikhapha abo benzakeleyo, abaphangi kunye neembacu, yaye maxa wambi sasiphelela kumbindi wengxoxo yedabi kunye nezivumelwano zeFSA ngezixhobo. NgoDisemba, ngempazamo sadibana nomnye wabarhwebi abakhulu bezixhobo e-Idlib, owathi ekuhleni igama lomthombo woncedo lwakhe. “Umkhosi wolawulo,” watsho. “Amapolisa asithengisela nantoni na esinokuyihlawula. Bayazi ukuba izinto ziza kuphela, kwaye bafuna ukwenza imali kuqala. Abakhathali nokuba sisebenzisa izixhobo ukudubula amajoni abo. Inkqubo ibisoloko yonakele.”
Saphinda sagagana nombhodamo wolu mvukelo. Ubuthathaka bayo - ukuba zombini ayinankokeli kwaye igcwele yonke indawo - ingamandla ayo. Akukho bani unokushenxisa inkokeli yovukelo ukuba akukho nkokeli. Kwelinye icala, abantu badla ngokungazi ukuba baqhubana nabani. Kwaba njalo kufuphi neMaskana kumntla-mpuma, apho amajoni amabini ajikeleza ebusuku namaqela ahlukeneyo eFSA aye alwa ngenxa yokuba ngamnye wawo wayecinga ukuba omnye utshaba.
E-Khafsah, kufutshane ne-Aleppo, senzeke kwindawo apho ummeli welinye iqela le-FSA, “amadoda akhululekileyo e-Euphrates,” wayefuna ukuba kubuyiswe iimoto ezimbini kwelinye iqela le-FSA, “uMkhosi weeNdawo eziNgcwele,” eyayihluthe iimoto kwindawo yokuhlola.
"U-Ahmed uthe kufuneka bathathe iimoto!" Yatsho enye indoda.
Enye indoda, ishwabene ibunzi, yaphendula yathi: “Ngowuphi u-Ahmed?”
“Ewe, Ahmed…”
"Sinoo-Ahmed abaninzi."
Iindlela zethu nazo zenze umfanekiso wokwenyani, kuba inkqubela yethu ilandele i-topography yeendlela zonqulo. Ngokomzekelo, kwiPhondo laseHama kumbindi weSiriya, iidolophana zama-Alawite nezo zamaSunni, ezibumba uninzi lwabavukeli, zisondelelene.
“Ngaphambili, sasingabamelwane nje,” watsho njalo omnye umqhubi owayedla ngokusebenza njengomalusi. Wajika wajikela kude kuzo zonke iilali zaseAlawite “kuba kulapho amaShabiha abekwe khona abalindi.” “I-Shabiha,” okanye “iziporho,” ngamajoni awayexhobe ngoorhulumente ukususela ekuqaleni kwemvukelo. Uninzi lwabo ngama-Alawites, yaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo baxelelwa ukuba abavukeli bazimisele ukubabulala bonke.
Kuzo zonke ezo nyanga sihamba ngazo, sadibana neelali ezimbini kuphela zaseAlawi ezazingathabathi cala. Kwafuneka siqhube sijikeleze intsalela, kufutshane neHama, Homs kunye ne-Idlib.
Ukuqhunyiswa kweebhombu?
Kodwa ukukhukuliseka kwamandla amadala kuyaqhubeka, ngakumbi ngoku ukuba abo basebenza njenge-nucleus yomatshini karhulumente amashumi eminyaka - amagosa eqela, amagosa kunye nabaphathi-baphinde batshintshe amacala. Kwidolophu yaseTulul al-Humr, kwindawo enengca esemazantsi-mpuma eHama, bonke ubunkokeli obuxhasa urhulumente buye baphambuka. Senzekile kwiqela eliquka lowo wayesakuba ngusodolophu, i-arhente yezobuntlola, amagosa ambalwa kunye nenkokeli yasekuhlaleni yeBaath Party, esebenze njengesixhobo se-Assads ukuhlakulela ubuzwilakhe bosapho lwabo.
“Rhoqo ngeveki kwakufika ifeksi evela kwikomkhulu isixelela ngentlanganiso yeqela elilandelayo,” latsho igosa langaphambili leqela, lichaza ukuqala kwale mvukelo. "Ichazile into endiza kuyixelela abanye malunga neyelenqe leZionist, kunye neSaudis kunye ne-al-Qaida ehlawula abanqolobi bangaphandle ukuba balwe eSyria." Ephefumlela phezulu, wongezelela esithi: “Uyazi, oonyana bam baphuma baya ezitratweni. Ndandingasakwazi ukuyenza.” Waphula kunye nenkqubo. “Andazi nokuba bayandifuna na ngoku,” watsho. Wazigcina zonke iifeksi, kodwa iphepha le-thermal alenzi kakuhle kubushushu baseSyria, kwaye ulwimi malunga “namayelenqe ehlabathi” lwaluphela njengoko iphepha lalisiba mnyama.
Amabango "yelenqe leZionist" elakhe labizelwa kuninzi lwelizwe lama-Arabhu liye laphela kancinci, kwanaseSyria. Kodwa izinto zinzima ngakumbi xa kufikwa kwi-al-Qaida kunye ne-jihadists.
Kukho uluhlu lweebhombu kwiiofisi ze-intelligence yaseSyria eDamasko nase-Aleppo ukususela ekupheleni kwe-2011. Okumangalisayo kukuba, abaqhushumbisi bakwazile ukudlula kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlola ukhuseleko ukufikelela kwizakhiwo eziphambili zezakhiwo ezigadwe kakhulu, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngamanye amaxesha. xa babephantse bangabi nanto. Kwiividiyo eziveliswe ngokucokisekileyo, ezithe zavela kwiiforam zewebhu zejihadist, iqela elalingaziwa ngaphambili elibizwa ngokuba yi "Jabhat al-Nusra," okanye "Al-Nusra Front," iqela elikhokelwa ngu "Emir" Abu Mohammed al-Julani, lathatha uxanduva iibhombu. Iqela lalikhangeleka njengengalo entsha ye-al-Qaida.
Kodwa ekuqaleni kuka-2012, akukho namnye kwiqela eliphikisayo owayeqhelene noJabhat al-Nusra okanye inkokeli yayo eyoyikekayo. Abavukeli batyhola urhulumente ngokuyila iqela lamaSilamsi kwaye babeke ityala ngayo yonke le mvukelo kwi-al-Qaida.
Kukho imiqondiso yokuba urhulumente wayebandakanyekile. Njengoko kwenzekayo, amaxhoba ohlaselo asele efile, ngelixa abanye ekucingelwa ukuba babhubhile ngequbuliso bahamba ngescreen xa becinga ukuba iikhamera zicinyiwe.
Emva kokuhlaselwa kwekomkhulu lasekuhlaleni lezobuntlola eAleppo, ugqirha kwisibhedlele somkhosi walapho wathi kuthi: “Besijongene nezobuntlola basemkhosini. Emva kogqabhuko-dubulo ngoFebruwari, imizimba elishumi elinesibini kunye ne-100 yangxwelerhekileyo yaziswa kuthi. Into engumnqa ngayo kukuba uqhushululu lwenzeka ngentsimbi yesi-8:30 kusasa.
Lo gqirha uthi wayekufuphi, esendleleni eya kumbutho woogqirha, xa kwakuhlaselwa “umkhosi wokhuseleko lwezobupolitika” ngoMatshi 18. “Ndasiva eso siqhushumbisi sinamandla yaye, ndicinga ukuba makube zininzi. Ndifile, ndabaleka ndaya apho ngoko nangoko. Ndayibona nje indoda enomkrwelo engalweni, kodwa kungekho wumbi.
Unxibelelwano lwamaSilamsi
NgoSeptemba, iinkokeli ezimbini ze-Shabiha ezithinjiweyo zase-Aleppo zathi, ngokuzimeleyo, zafumana iziqhushumbisi kumkhosi womoya izihlandlo ezininzi kwaye zaxelelwa ukuba ziziqhushumbise kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesixeko- phantsi kwemiyalelo evela kumphathi wezobuntlola e-Aleppo, Adib Salame.
Kodwa ngelixa amalungu e-Jabhat al-Nusra ayengafumaneki ndawo entwasahlobo kwindawo evulekileyo yabavukeli, amaqela azibiza ngokuba yi- "al-Nusra" ayenzeka kwilizwe lonke ngo-Agasti. Sadibana nabo eAleppo, eMaskanah, eDayr Hafir naseHabul, eDeir el-Zour empuma nakwiPhondo lase-Idlib.
Ngelixa amaqela enolwazi oluncinci omnye komnye, onke ayaphikisana ukuba anento yokwenza nohlaselo olukhulu lwaseDamasko naseAleppo. “Kodwa wonke umntu uyalazi igama,” yatsho inkokeli yeli qela eMaskana. "Kulungile, ivela kurhulumente, kodwa ngoku siyenze eyethu." Seva into efanayo nakwezinye iindawo, zokuba nabani na unokuseka iseli ye-al-Nusra.
Kuye kwacaca ngokuthe ngcembe ukuba uhlaselo kunye neevidiyo ezibanga uxanduva azizange zinike impembelelo kwiingcali zobunqolobi baseNtshona, ezithe zaqala ngokukhawuleza ukusebenzisa ibinzana elithi "al-Qaida eSiriya," kodwa nakubaxhasi bezimali beSunni, ubukhulu becala eSaudi Arabia - abaxhasi bezimali abanemali. ukuthanda ukuxhasa ngemali ijihad.
Ngale ndlela, i-al-Nusra - i-brigades yabavukeli kunye nonxibelelwano lwamaSilamsi - ngokwenene yaqala ukumila. Bahlala bebancinci xa kuthelekiswa neFSA, kodwa batsala amajihadist angaphandle asuka kwiPersian Gulf, Jordan and North Africa. UColonel Abdel Jabbar al-Okaidi, enye yeenkokeli zebhunga labavukeli baseAleppo uthi: “Baneembono ezahlukeneyo zonqulo, kodwa balwa nathi ngenjongo enye.
Xa urhulumente wase-US ekugqibeleni wabhengeza i-al-Nusra njengeqela labanqolobi, yaba nefuthe ebelingacetywanga lokubonelela amaqela ahlukeneyo asebenzisa igama elifanayo ngenqanaba lokuthandwa ababengenalo ngaphambili. “Okokuqala amaMerika akazange asincede ixesha elide kangako, kwaye ngoku afuna ukusixelela ukuba ngubani ovumelekileyo ukulwa nathi apha?” yatsho enye inkumanda, ivakalisa iimvakalelo zabaninzi kweli lizwe.
Ilizwe Elizitshabalalisayo
Ubuso bemfazwe butshintshile ngasekupheleni kwehlobo lika-2012, xa urhulumente wayeka ukusebenzisa iitanki. Endaweni yoko, ukufa kwavela emoyeni. Yayisilandela ukusuka kwidolophu ukuya kwidolophu ngoSeptemba, xa sasisiya emantla. EMaskana, saqalisa ukubaleka xa sibona wonke umntu ebaleka, saza sagoba saya kutshona kwigumbi elingaphantsi ngexesha elifanelekileyo, xa isakhiwo sasisele sishukuma ngenxa yokuqhushumba kwegobolondo elawisa izakhiwo ezibini, laza lasibekela ilifu elikhulu. ngothuli. Iqokobhe elilandelayo labetha kwimizuzu emibini kamva, lenzelwe ukubetha isihlwele sabahlanguli kunye nababukeli abanomdla. “Basoloko besenza ngolo hlobo,” watsho umntu owayelapho, ecofa uthuli lwehempe yakhe.
Ngentsasa elandelayo eDeir Hafir, umgama wesiqingatha seyure ukusuka eMaskanah, inqwelo-moya yabhabha ngqo phezu kwethu ngaphambi kokuba iqhushumbise ekujoliswe kuyo, eyona ndawo inkulu yokugcina izilwanyana kweso sithili.
Emin’ emaqanda ngosuku olulandelayo, sasibuyele eMaraa sityelele uYassir al-Hajja, umnini wevenkile encinane yokutya, owayesele kangangeenyanga ezama ukwenza into efana nabalawuli bedolophu yabavukeli. Phantse asizange siyibone inqwelo-moya eyahlasela indawo yokugcina impahla ekufuphi efrijini yasekuhlaleni, iyiwisa okwentaka edla inyama. Abantu abathandathu babhubhe xa iigobolondo ezimbini zabetha kufutshane nesikhululo sokulayisha. Umlweli weFSA kunye nesalamane sabafi bafota xa sasizama ukufota le ndawo, wajikela isixhobo sakhe kuYassir wasikhwaza ukuba silahleke. Umnikazi wendawo yokugcina impahla wazama ukumthomalalisa, echaza ukuba kwakufanelekile ukubhala oko kwakusenzeka.
“Ayiyi kuyeka,” latsho ixhego elalikwilali ekufuphi neHoms ebusika ngo-2011. Ndazicingela ukuba inokuba yiloo nto ivakala xa kugquba uqhushululu, xa umntu ngesiquphe wajika efuna ukubulala kuphela. abantu. Umahluko kukuba oku kuhlasela akukapheli emva kweyure, kodwa kuyaqhubeka.
Sachitha ubusuku ngaphandle kwedolophu, yaye ngentsasa elandelayo sabona i-L-39 esondelayo, ngokuqhelekileyo inqwelo-moya yokuqeqesha. Emva koko sayibona inqwelo-moya intywila ize iwise iibhombu ezimbini, ezazibonakala zincinane mgama. Sabona amafu omsi edubula phezulu emoyeni saza seva ingxolo yokudubula. Ezi ziqhushumbisi zantlitha ilori yokugqibela yokulahla inkunkuma yalapho namadoda amabini awayethengisa amafutha emgqomeni. Kwiintsuku ezimbini kamva, kwakusasa, ibhombu yatshabalalisa iofisi yokubhalisa yaseMaraa.
"Assad, okanye siza kulitshisa ilizwe!" Esi siqubulo sikrolwe kwiindonga ezinembumbulu, yinkqubo yonke karhulumente, ekuphela kwebango lakhe lokulawula. Ngoku iijethi zazibonakala yonke imihla, kwiidolophu ngeedolophu, ubungqina belizwe elizitshabalalisayo.
Akukho Mntu Wokunceda
UYassir, ehleli kwidesika yakhe encinci yeplywood enemingxuma yeembumbulu, uthi akasakwazi ukubukela eminye imingcwabo. Ekuqaleni, sasisakwazi ukumcenga ukuba ahambe nathi.
Kodwa oko kungcwatywa kwethu sagqibela ukuya, nathi asisakwazi ukubaphatha kakubi. Amathambo abavukeli abancinci abahlanu baseMaraa bebengcwatywa, okanye okushiyekileyo kubo emva kokuba i-rocket yabo yasekhaya iqhume phambi kokuba isungulwe. “Ibingelocebo elo,” watsho embombozela uYassir. Amazwi akhe ayenokubhekisela kwizinto ezininzi.
Yayingesosicwangciso sokuba umpheki wepastry axube iziqhushumbisi kwaye umtywini uzakwakha iirokethi. Yayingesosicwangciso sokuba iilali ezingabamelwane ziya kuba ziintshaba ezifayo, kwaye iinzame zokwakha iSyria eyahlukileyo ziya kutshatyalaliswa ngesichotho seebhombu. U-Yassir usengathanda ukuba lilungu lepalamente ngenye imini, “ukuba ndiyasinda koku,” utshilo.
Kwinkungu yase-Idlib, kuhambo lwethu lwesibhozo, sikhangela abazala abathathu baka-Adjini, umhlohli waseyunivesithi uAziz, owayekholelwa kwimpoxo nengqiqo, kunye nabanye ababini. Kwenzeka ntoni kubo, siyazibuza?
Asibafumani eKurin, eye yaba yidolophu yesiporho. Sade sadibana noAziz phambi kwendlwana esezindulini, engachetywanga kwaye enxibe ibhulukhwe yetracksuit. Ubhityile.
UAziz wayefuna ukoyisa uloyiko, kwaye wayengafuni ukudubula. KwakungoAprili lowo, kodwa ngoku ungumntu owahlukileyo. Namhlanje ufuna ukubambisa oomatshini bokuhlamba, ii-microwaves kunye neeseti zeTV, aziguqule zibe ziibhombu ezifihliweyo. Weza nalo mbono xa weva amarhe okuba umkhosi ubuyela eKurin kwakhona. Uthi: “Xa beqalisa ukuphanga kwakhona apha, qhuma!”
Umzala wakhe uMahmoud, igosa eliye lakreqa, uye wabamba iitanki ezintathu kunye neqela lakhe. Kwaye u-Mohammed, owayesakuba ngumlawuli wesikolo owayesakuba yi-conformist, ngoku ukhalazela iirokethi ezophule zonke iifestile zendlu yakhe. “Kodwa akabuzi ukuba bavela phi,” utsho uAziz.
Umkhosi awuzange ubuye, kodwa ngoku iinqwelomoya zifikile endaweni yoko. Kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa ezidluleyo, bawisa ibhombu engumxube kwindawo yokusila ioli ekufuphi, apho abalimi babelindele khona isivuno sabo somnquma. Abasithoba babulawa. UAziz uthi: “Aba bantu balinda unyaka wonke ukuze bakwazi ukugalela iminquma yabo.
Uye waba lukhuni kwaye ukrakra. Uthi uyabaqonda abo bakhwaza besithi “Allahu akbar” baze babeke ukholo lwabo kuThixo. “Ngubani omnye osincedileyo?” uyabuza. "Akukho namnye."
Del Spiegel
