IJamani yayidla ngokulumka kakhulu malunga nalapho ithumela khona izixhobo zayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, nangona kunjalo, uChancellor u-Angela Merkel ubonise ukukhetha ukuthumela izixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu phesheya kunamajoni aseJamani - nokuba oko kuthetha ukwenza ishishini ngoorhulumente obuthandabuzekayo.
Akukacaci ukuba yintoni kanye kanye, echukumisa ama-Arabhu kakhulu malunga netanki entsha ye "Leopard 2". Ngaba yinkanunu yayo ethembekileyo eyi-120-millimeter smoothbore, ehlala ibambelele ngenkani koko ijolise kuyo, naxa ibhemothi eneitoni ezingama-68 ihamba ngesantya esiphezulu entlango? Ngaba "i-eneretha yamandla eyongeziweyo eyongezelelweyo kwimishini yokutshekisha" ikhutshwe ngumvelisi waseMunich, uKrauss-Maffei Wegmann? Okanye "unxibelelwano lonxibelelwano kumphandle wesithuthi semikhosi eyehliweyo?"
Ngokuqinisekileyo iingcali zeengalo zaseSaudi Arabia naseQatar ziyayixabisa into yokuba iLeopard entsha ixhotyiswe ngenkqubo yokuphucula umoya. Ngapha koko, ngubani ofuna ukubona amajoni abo egcadiswa kwiziko lomlilo entlango, apho amaqondo obushushu asehlotyeni anokuba ngama-50 ngokukaCelsius (122 degrees Fahrenheit)?
Ngeveki yokuqala kaJulayi, uKrauss-Maffei wathumela enye yezixhobo zayo ezimangalisayo kwintlango yaseSaudi ukuvavanya iLeopard 2 phantsi kweemeko ezishushu kakhulu. Umphathiswa wezoKhuselo eBerlin wathumela kunye negosa kunye noMkhosi oxhobileyo waseJamani, iBundeswehr, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko ngexesha lokudubula kwemipu yetanki.
Uvavanyo oluyimpumelelo lwentlango aluzange luqatshelwe ziishekh zommandla. Urhulumente waseQatar sele ebonise umdla wokuthenga ukuya kuthi ga kwiitanki ezingama-200, isivumelwano sokuba, xa sithe safezekiswa, sinokufikelela kwi-2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola (i-2.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola).
I-Saudis, inxalenye yabo, sele sele ingabathengi abathembekileyo. Kwihlobo elidlulileyo, urhulumente waseJamani waphendula ngokufanelekileyo kwisicelo sabo sokuthenga ukuya kwi-270 ye-Leopard 2 iitanki. Kodwa ngoku uRiyadh ufuna okungakumbi. Kwisicelo esitsha, i-sheikhs icele urhulumente waseJamani ukuba avume ukuthengwa kwamakhulu ambalwa "i-Boxer" yezithuthi zokuthutha ezixhobileyo. IBhunga lezoKhuseleko laseJamani, elidibana ngasese, lisiphendule isicelo kwiveki ephelileyo. Urhulumente akakasiniki sigqibo malunga nesivumelwano, esinokuxabisa iibhiliyoni.
Izixhobo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu zaseJamani ziyinto eshushu phakathi kwamagunya ama-Arabhu kunye nezinye ii-autocrats. Abakhange basilele ukuqaphela ukuba urhulumente womdibaniso weChancellor Angela Merkel's-right Christian Democratic Union (CDU) kunye ne-pro-shishini iFree Democratic Party (FDP) ithe chu ngokucotha umgaqo-nkqubo waseJamani othintela ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo ngaphandle.
Ukuseta iRekhodi?
Igosa (kwaye lakutshanje) Ingxelo yokuThunyelelwa kweZixhobo zoMkhosi ngo-2011 ibonisa ukuba ishishini liyakhula, ngeemvume zokuthumela ngaphandle izixhobo ezikhutshwe ngurhulumente waseJamani zigqithise i-10 yeebhiliyoni zeedola okokuqala. Ezinye iipesenti ezingama-42 zezixhobo zimiselwe amazwe abizwa ngokuba ngumntu wesithathu, ngaphandle kwe-NATO, i-NATO-elinganayo kunye namazwe aManyano yaseYurophu, elinye inani elinokuthi libe nokuseta irekhodi. Ngo-2010, yayingama-29 ekhulwini kuphela.
Amanani acebisa ukuba imfundiso yeMerkel iqala ukuba nefuthe layo. Ngokuhambelana neminqweno ye-chancellor, iJamani ngoku ithumela amajoni kwiindawo zongquzulwano kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo kuphela. Kunoko, "amazwe amaqabane" kwimimandla echaphazelekayo kufuneka aqiniswe ngokuthunyelwa kwezixhobo ngaphandle kokusingatha umsebenzi wokugcina uxolo nokhuseleko ngokwabo.
Sisicwangciso esinobungozi, kwaye sikwabonisa ukuhamba okukhulu kwimvumelwano yelizwe lonke malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle waseJamani. "Nangona ingenelo yokujonga emva, ukuzibamba kweJamani malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo wokuthumela izixhobo ngaphandle kungqineke kuyindlela efanelekileyo, kwaye kufuneka sihlale sinyanisekile kuyo," utshilo owayesakuba nguMphathiswa Wezangaphandle uHans-Dietrich Genscher (FDP), éminence grise yomgaqo-nkqubo waseJamani.
Izinto zezixhobo zamatikiti amakhulu zihlala zisebenza amashumi eminyaka. Ngokomzekelo, iLeopard 2 yaphuhliswa ngeminyaka yee-1970 kwaye iinguqulelo ezindala zisasebenza kumazwe amaninzi. Ngesi sizathu, umngcipheko uphezulu ukuba izixhobo zinokuwela ezandleni ezingalunganga. Intwasahlobo yase-Arab yabonisa indlela abangazinzanga ngayo oorhulumente ekucingelwa ukuba bazinzile kulo mmandla.
Ingqonyela yalatha ukuba inkqubo yayo yezangaphandle “izinikele kwimilinganiselo” yedemokhrasi namalungelo abantu. Kwaye nangona kunjalo uvumela ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo - egameni lozinzo - koorhulumente abangalunganga abarekhodi zabo zamalungelo oluntu zihlala zothusa.
Umzimba apho oku kungqubuzana kubhekiselwa khona ngamanye amaxesha yiBhunga lezoKhuseleko le-Federal, elibamba iintlanganiso eziyimfihlo ngexesha elingaqhelekanga kwigumbi elincinci lenkomfa kwi-Chancellery. UMerkel uvule intlanganiso yangoMvulo ophelileyo ngokukhawuleza ngentsimbi yesi-4.
‘Ukubuk’ iindwendwe Kubugrogrisi’
Okokuqala, abaphathiswa ababini bekhabhinethi ye-FDP, uMphathiswa wezangaPhandle uGuido Westerwelle kunye noMphathiswa wezoPhuhliso uDirk Niebel, banike ingxelo malunga nemeko kwilizwe laseNtshona Afrika laseMali, eliye lahlulahlulwe ukususela ekubeni umkhosi wenze ubhukuqo entwasahlobo. Emva koko yaba lithuba likaGerhard Schindler lokuthetha.
Schindler, ongumongameli we Inkonzo yobukrelekrele yenkonzo (BND), inkonzo yezobuntlola yaseJamani yangaphandle, yanikezela ngefolda ezele zizilayidi kunye neetshathi. Imeko yaseMali inzima, utshilo uSchindler, ephawula ukuba imikhosi emininzi ethembekileyo kurhulumente imkile kwaye umkhosi udangele ekhokelela ekungakwazini ukucinezela amaSilamsi aseke ulawulo lwendawo esemantla yelizwe. "UMntla weMali ukwinkqubo yokuba ngummandla onobubele kubunqolobi."
UMerkel ngusopolitiki oziqeqeshekileyo nophantse angacatshulwa esebenzisa ulwimi oluluqilima. Kodwa akuba uSchindler egqibile intetho yakhe, ingqonyela yadanduluka yathi: “Obunjani bona ubutshixo bomhlaba.”
Emva kokuba into yokuqala kwi-ajenda iqhutywe ngayo, umongameli we-BND kunye nomququzeleli wezobuntlola kwi-Chancellery bahlala beshiya igumbi. Xa kuthethwa ngokuthunyelwa kwezixhobo kumazwe angaphandle, ingqonyela kunye namanye amalungu asibhozo asisigxina ekhabhinethi (abaphathiswa bemicimbi yangaphandle, abezemali, ezokhuselo, ezoqoqosho, ezangaphakathi, uphuhliso nobulungisa, kunye nentloko yabasebenzi bakaMerkel) bakhetha ukungaquki amanye amagosa karhulumente. kwiingxoxo zabo.
Kuphela yintloko yesebe echaphazelekayo kwi-Chancellery, isithethi sikarhulumente kunye nabameli abavela kwi-Bundeswehr kunye ne-ofisi yomongameli waseJamani abavunyelwe ukuhlala kwigumbi. Le mizuzu iqulathe nje ulwazi olusisiseko malunga nokuba zeziphi na izivumelwano zokuthumela ngaphandle izixhobo ezithe zavunywa kwaye zeziphi ezithintelweyo.
Iiprojekthi ezimbini ebekuxoxwa ngazo emva kwemini ngoMvulo ophelileyo bezinovakalelo olukhethekileyo. Umxholo wawungoMbindi Mpuma, njengoko kudla ngokuba njalo. Ukukhusela ukhuseleko lukaSirayeli "yinxalenye yelizwe lam raison d'être," utshilo uMerkel kwintetho kaMatshi ka-2008 kwi-Knesset yase-Israel. “Kum njengengqonyela yaseJamani,” uqhubeke watsho, “ukhuseleko lwakwaSirayeli alunakuze luvulekele kuthethathethwano.”
Ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yoko, u-Israyeli ufumana iinkwili ezinezixhobo zenyukliya kumaJamani, kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izixhobo azifunayo. Ngeli xesha amaSirayeli ayefuna iziqhushumbisi zala maxesha eziqhushumbisiyo kunye nezixhobo ezichasene nezixhobo, ezenziwe nguDynamit Nobel Defense kufutshane nedolophu yasentshona yaseJamani iSiegen.
‘Ngoku ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili’
Kwintengiso yayo, inkampani iphawula ukuba i-RPGs yayo inokugxothwa kwindawo ekufutshane kwaye iphume kwiindawo ezivaliweyo, izenze zilungele ukusetyenziswa ngokuchasene neHamas kwiGaza Strip.
Isicelo se-Israel sasikwi-ajenda yeBhunga loKhuseleko lwe-Federal kanye ngaphambili, ngoJuni. Kodwa iSebe lezaNgaphandle kunye neSebe leNtsebenziswano kwezoQoqosho kunye noPhuhliso babenenkxalabo malunga nokuthunyelwa kwezixhobo zemfazwe yasezidolophini kumazwe angaphandle kwindawo enokubakho yokulwa, kwaye ibhunga lagqiba ekubeni lisirhoxise isigqibo.
NgoMvulo ophelileyo, kunye nemibono evela kwimfazwe yaseGaza yamva nje ezingqondweni zabo, uMerkel kunye nabaphathiswa bakhe bagqibe ekubeni bavume isivumelwano sezixhobo neYerusalem. IJamani kwafuneka ixhase uSirayeli, “ngoku kunanini na ngaphambili,” watsho omnye umphathiswa, esithi isoyikiso esivela kwiHamas sinzulu. Eli qela lavuma ukuba ezo zixhobo zithunyelwe nazo mazithumele umyalezo.
Kulo mxholo, i-Westerwelle sisimntwiso se-paradox yaseJamani. Kwiveki nje ngaphambi koko, wayezamile ukuba ngumrhwebi woxolo phakathi kwamaSirayeli namaPalestina kodwa akazange aphumelele. Kwaye ngoku kwaloo mphathiswa wayebethelela irabha ekuhanjisweni kwezixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa kungquzulwano lwasePalestina.
Isicelo sesibini sasinovakalelo ngakumbi. I-Saudis ngoku inomdla kwiimoto zothutho ze-Boxer. Ehlotyeni elidlulileyo, iindaba zokuba iJamani yayizimisele ukuhambisa ukuya kwi-270 Leopard 2 iitanki eSaudi Arabia yabangela iingxoxo ezishushu zezopolitiko eJamani. Kodwa iishekh azivumi. Ngoku bafuna ukuthenga i-Boxers, apho uKrauss-Maffei Wegmann naye wenza ngokubambisana.
I-Boxer yenye yezona zithuthi zale mihla zokulwa emhlabeni. Inokuxhotyiswa ngesikhululo sezixhobo esilawulwa kude okanye iguqulwe ibe yiyunithi yotyando ehambayo. I-Bundeswehr isebenzisa i-Boxer e-Afghanistan njengomphathi wabasebenzi abaxhobileyo. I-Saudis idinga izithuthi zeRoyal Guard, ezikhusela intsapho yasebukhosini.
Amadabi amathathu omkhosi wasebukhosini amiswe kufutshane neRiyadh kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kuye kwafuneka asebenze ngezixhobo ezilula kunye neemoto ezixhobileyo. Ukongezwa kwee-Boxers, nangona kunjalo, kuya kunika uMgcini-mafa izixhobo ezikumgangatho wehlabathi jikelele.
Kodwa iiBoks zikwakufanelekele ukucinezela imvukelo, ngakumbi ngenxa yokuba amatayara azo awenza asebenziseke ezindleleni. Abaxhasi bokuthunyelwa kwe-Saudi Arabia kwiBhunga loKhuseleko lwe-Federal bathi iitanki azijoliswanga kwi-National Guard yaseSaudi Arabia, ejongene nemisebenzi yokulwa eqhelekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, bathi, iitanki ziya kuthunyelwa kuphela ngenxa yezizathu zokukhusela.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba iNtwasahlobo yama-Arab ikhe yafika eSaudi Arabia, iRoyal Guards ngokuqinisekileyo iya kubandakanyeka, ngakumbi xa kufikwa ekukhuseleni usapho lwasebukhosini kwimeko yongxamiseko. Imeko enye inokubandakanya iiyunithi ezithembekileyo kusapho lwasebukhosini olulwa nezihlwele ezivukelayo ezinamatanki aseJamani. Leyo yayiyingxoxo eyayisetyenziswa ngoonozakuzaku baseJamani kunye neSebe leNtsebenziswano kwezoQoqosho kunye noPhuhliso phambi kwentlanganiso, kwaye ikwayimbono eyayibanjwe nguMphathiswa wezoBulungisa uSabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger.
KwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko loMdibaniso, umphathiswa wezobulungisa wenkululeko ngomnye wabagxeki kakhulu ngokuthumela izixhobo ngaphandle kwe-Saudis. Kunyaka ophelileyo, waqala wamchasa uMerkel xa iBhunga lalixoxa ngesicelo sikaSaudis samatanki eLeopard, kodwa emva koko wasirhoxisa isigqibo sekhabhinethi. U-Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger akazange aye kwintlanganiso yeveki ephelileyo. Endaweni yoko, njengoMphathiswa wezeziMali uWolfgang Schäuble, wathumela isekela, ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yongquzulwano olucwangcisiweyo. Kodwa abaphathiswa banokuvota kuphela ngokobuqu.
Isivumelwano seBoxer siya kuba singeniso kwishishini lezixhobo zaseJamani, kodwa iinkampani ezibandakanyekayo kuya kufuneka zilinde. UMerkel kunye nabaphathiswa bakhe bala ukufikelela kwisigqibo kwintlanganiso yeBhunga loKhuseleko kwiveki ephelileyo kwaye basihlehlisele kude kube ngunyaka olandelayo.
Amazwe kwiiNgingqi ezineNgxaki
Ukongeza kwiSaudi Arabia, i-United Arab Emirates ingomnye umthengisi omkhulu wezixhobo zaseJamani. Kule minyaka mithathu idlulileyo, urhulumente waseJamani uye wavuma ukuthengiswa malunga ne-1.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwizixhobo zaseJamani kwi-UAE.
Kodwa iSaudi Arabia, i-UAE kunye neQatar ayisiyiyo yodwa enokuxhamla kutshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo wokuthunyelwa kwempahla ngaphandle kweJamani, kwaye izalathiso zibonisa ukuba ishishini lokuthumela ngaphandle izixhobo lahlala lomelele nakulo nyaka. Nangona urhulumente engekawapapashi amanani abambekayo, iziqinisekiso zetyala le-Hermes zokuthumela ngaphandle ezivunyiweyo kulo nyaka ukuxhasa izivumelwano zokuthumela ngaphandle izixhobo sesinye isalathiso sendlela elihlala liqinile ngayo ishishini.
Iziqinisekiso ezintandathu zavunywa ekupheleni kukaNovemba ngexabiso elipheleleyo elikufutshane ne-3.3 yeebhiliyoni. Loo nto sele i-800 yezigidi zee-euro ngaphezu kwe-2011, utsho ingcali yeengalo zeQela lasekhohlo uJan van Aken, kwaye unyaka awukapheli. Kwaye iziqinisekiso ezintandathu zikhutshiwe kwizivumelwano namazwe akwimimandla eneengxaki kwihlabathi liphela. Oyena mamkeli mkhulu yiAlgeria, ilandelwa yi-Egypt, Israel, Indonesia, Iraq kunye nePakistan.
Iziqinisekiso ze-Egypt (i-700 yezigidi zee-euro) kunye ne-Israel (i-405 yezigidi ze-euro) zinovakalelo olukhethekileyo. Kuwo omabini la mazwe, iziqinisekiso zenzelwe ukukhusela ukuthengwa kweenkwili ezenziwe yi-HDW kwisixeko esisezibukweni saseKiel.
Iinqanawa ezintywilayo zaseYiphutha, ezingaphucukanga ngokobuchwephesha njengezo zikaSirayeli, zakhokelela kwimpikiswano phakathi kweMerkel kunye neNkulumbuso yakwa-Israel uBenjamin Netanyahu, ongathanda ukuvala ukuthengwa kweJiphutha. Lo mcimbi awukasonjululwa, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba uMongameli waseJiphutha ongumSilamsi u-Mohammed Morsi angathabatha kungekudala ukuhambisa iinkwili ezimbini ezintsha.
Ityala laseYiputa libonisa ukuba imfundiso yeMerkel enyanisweni yinkqubo enkulu yokunceda ishishini lezixhobo zasekhaya. Amazwe aseNtshona, kubandakanywa amazwe athwaxwa yintlekele kwi-European Union kunye ne-United States esematyaleni, ayinciphisa kakhulu inkcitho yasemkhosini. IBundeswehr yaseJamani nayo kufuneka yehlise iindleko. Umkhosi waseJamani, umzekelo, uza kuthenga abathwali abaxhobileyo be-“Puma” abambalwa. Imeko imbi ngakumbi nge-helicopter "Tiger", kunye nomkhosi ucima isiqingatha somyalelo wokuqala weeyunithi ze-80.
Ukungena ngaphakathi
Zimbini iinketho ezishiyekileyo kwishishini lezixhobo zaseJamani, kunye nemisebenzi engama-80,000: Inokuba icutheka ngenxa yokuncipha kwemfuno, okanye iphuhlise iimarike ezintsha. Kodwa ezo marike ziyimimandla yehlabathi apho oozwilakhe besilwa, oorhulumente bonqulo bexhasa ngemali abanqolobi okanye oozwilakhe basebenzisa ugonyamelo ukuze bacinezele abantu babo. Ezona marike zinkulu zokukhula zikuMbindi Mpuma nakuqoqosho olusakhulayo loMzantsi-mpuma weAsia kunye noMzantsi Melika.
Xa kuthelekiswa neFransi kunye neUnited Kingdom, iJamani isabambekile xa kuziwa ekukhuthazeni ishishini lezixhobo zasekhaya. Owayesakuba nguMongameli waseFransi uNicolas Sarkozy useyintshatsheli yabakhuthazi beshishini lakhe lemfazwe. Kucingelwa ukuba uthembise ukunyuka kwamandla enyukliya e-Indiya ngesivumelwano sobuchwepheshe benyukliya njengebhonasi ukuba ikhethe ukuthenga iijethi zokulwa zaseFransi. Yayilunikezelo lwamaIndiya awayengenako ukuluyeka.
Kodwa ulawulo lweMerkel lukwangenelela kwicandelo lokuthengisa izixhobo. “EJamani, sibona inkxaso yezopolitiko eyandayo yokuphelisa ukwehla kwenkcitho yasemkhosini ngokuthunyelwa kwezixhobo kumazwe angaphandle,” utshilo uMark Bromley, umhlalutyi weStockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).
Iziqinisekiso zeHermes zisisixhobo esibalulekileyo kwinkqubo. Babonelela ngokhuseleko lwemali kwiinkampani ezenza izivumelwano ezinkulu, ezinjengokwakhiwa kweenkwili neenqanawa. Ngaphaya koko, uMerkel ngoku usebenzisa uhambo lwakhe lwaphesheya ukuze avule indlela yokujongana nezixhobo. E-Angola, umzekelo, wanika uMongameli José Eduardo dos Santos ithemba lentsebenziswano yamandla. Kodwa uye wamkhumbuza ngamaqonga e-oyile amaninzi aphesheya kolwandle angakhuselekanga ubukhulu becala. "Singathanda ukukunceda ngemizamo yakho yokukhusela, njengokuphucula i-navy yakho," kusho uMerkel kwinkomfa yezoqoqosho kwikomkhulu lase-Angola eLuanda. Ngokukodwa, wayethetha ngezikhephe zokugada zonogada baselunxwemeni lwase-Angola, nge-10 yezigidi ukuya kwi-euro yezigidi ezingama-25 nganye.
Urhulumente ukwasebenzisa iBundeswehr ekukhubekiseni ukuthumela ngaphandle. Ngokomzekelo, kukho "i-Eurofighter Task Force" ekhoyo kwiSebe lezoKhuseleko ukususela ngo-2008. Umkhosi womoya waseJamani uchitha ngaphezu kwe-€ 20 yezigidi zemali yokuhlawula irhafu ukuxhasa ukuthengiswa kwee-Eurofighters ukuya eIndiya.
Abathunywa ababini baseBundeswehr baya kwi-2011 International Defense Exhibition (IDEX) e-Abu Dhabi. Enye yayikhokelwa ngusekela-mhloli jikelele womkhosi, yaza enye yayiyintloko yesebe lezixhobo kwiSebe lezoKhuselo. Umnyhadala weentsuku ezintlanu kwi-emirate uthathwa njengemecca kushishino lwezixhobo. IQela leRheinmetall yayiyenye yeenkampani zaseJamani ezingama-66 ezibonisa kwi-IDEX, apho yayibonise itanki yayo yamva nje, ebizwa ngokuba "yiNguqulelo enkulu yeTanki yedabi."
I-Bundeswehr iphinda ixhase ishishini ngezinto ezichithwayo, ngakumbi i-Leopard 2, apho yayikhe yaba ngaphezu kwe-2,100. Kwezo, ezinye ezili-1,233 ziye zathengiswa kumazwe angaphandle. Kwihlabathi lasemva kweMfazwe ebandayo, iJamani iceba ukwenza ngamatanki angama-225 kuphela.
Ngaphambi kokuba iiLeopards ezine-mothballed zithunyelwe kumakhaya azo amatsha, zihlaziywa ngokupheleleyo, kunye neenkampani ezenza umsebenzi kwaye zihlala zenza amaxesha amaninzi njengoko iBundeswehr inokuqokelela izixhobo zayo ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Ngokomzekelo, iChile ifumana iitanki ze-172, apho ihlawula i-Bundeswehr € 46 yezigidi kunye ne-78.6 yezigidi eyongezelelweyo echithwe ekuphuculeni. I-Turkey yathatha iitanki ze-354, ezazifakwe ngetekhnoloji entsha yokulwa nge-298 yezigidi. Isivumelwano esifanayo sisemisebenzini neSingapore, kwaye i-Indonesia kulindeleke ukuba ilandele. Urhulumente ukhuphe imvume yokuthumela ngaphandle okwethutyana, ukuze iLeopard iboniswe kumboniso wezixhobo zase-Indonesia, “Indo Defence,” ekuqaleni kukaNovemba.
UMerkel uyazi ukuba ukuthunyelwa kweengalo kumazwe angaphandle akuthandwa. Abavoti abayithandi xa oorhulumente abangoozwilakhe njengaleyo yaseSaudi Arabia isebenzisa izixhobo zaseJamani ukuze bahlale bephethe. Inkcazo esemthethweni yokuba ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo kusindisa imisebenzi ayihambelani noluntu. Nangona kunjalo, uye wahambela phambili, enethemba lokukholisa oogxa bakhe behlabathi ngesicwangciso.
Uqale wabeka indlela yakhe, iMfundiso yeMerkel, kumsitho kaSeptemba odlulileyo owawubanjwe yi-Bergedorf Round Table, indawo edibene nezopolitiko eziphambili zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neYurophu kwiingxoxo ngomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle kunye nokhuseleko ukususela ngo-1961. Kwinyanga ephelileyo, wambonisa. isicwangciso kwelinye iqela elikhethiweyo labaphulaphuli. I-EU kunye ne-NATO zixhomekeke kwamanye amazwe, ngakumbi amazwe asakhulayo, athatha uxanduva ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo, watsho kwinkomfa yamagosa aphezulu okhuselo eStrausberg kufuphi neBerlin. “Ndiqinisekile ukuba kusemdleni wethu ukwenza amahlakani athathe inxaxheba ngokufanelekileyo ekuqinisekiseni okanye ekumiseni kwakhona ukhuseleko noxolo kwimimandla yabo,” utshilo.
Ukuqinisekisa uXolo kunye noZinzo
Amagosa e-Bundeswehr kunye neengcali zokhuseleko kwintlanganiso babeyazi kakuhle into awayeyithetha: Urhulumente kukubonelela ngezixhobo kwimimandla enongquzulwano olunokubakho, njengoMbindi Mpuma kunye noMzantsi-mpuma Asia, kwaye amazwe akuloo mimandla aya kuthi emva koko asebenzise ezo zixhobo ukuqinisekisa uxolo nozinzo. .
Ngokwembono yekhansile, iingxaki ezimbini zinokusonjululwa ngale mfundiso. Kwelinye icala, ithethelela ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo kumazwe angaphandle kwemimandla efana noSingasiqithi weArabia, ekudala kukho impikiswano. Kwelinye icala, ibonelela urhulumente ngesizathu esingcono sokungafuni kweJamani ukubandakanyeka kwiingxabano zaphesheya.
Kwaye uMerkel akasafuni ukuba noxanduva lwemishini emikhulu yaphesheya kolwandle. Ubona i-Afghanistan njengobungqina bokuba ungenelelo kumazwe angaphandle ludla ngokusilela. Ngokombono we-chancellor, kungcono kwaye kuncinci ubungozi ukubonelela ngenkxaso yomkhosi kwicala elinye kwingxabano enikiweyo.
IAlgeria lelinye lala maqabane anobuchule. Ilizwe laseMntla Afrika lijongene nomda wamazwe amabini athe angena kumbhodamo, iMali kunye neLibya, kwaye ngoku kulindeleke ukuba isebenze njengentloko ekulweni abanqolobi abangamaSilamsi. Ubukrelekrele baseAlgeria bungene kwi-al-Qaida kwi-Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) kwinqanaba elikhulu. I-United States ikwafuna ukusebenzisa ikoloni yangaphambili yaseFransi njengesiseko semizamo yayo yokulwa nobunqolobi.
Akuyona ingozi ukuba i-Algeria ibe ngumxhamli obaluleke kakhulu kwiimvume zokuthumela ngaphandle zaseJamani, kunye nelizwe elizimeleyo libeka indawo yesibhozo kwi-2011. I-Algeria ixhasa iingalo zayo ezibanzi malunga neengeniso zeoli kunye negesi.
Iinkampani ezimbini zidlale indima enkulu ekwakhiweni kweengalo eAlgeria. Ilizwe liyalele iifrigates kwi-ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems. Kwaye i-Rheinmetall ese-Düsseldorf yakha umzi-mveliso ukuvelisa abathwali babasebenzi abaxhotyisiweyo be-Fuchs phantsi kwesivumelwano selayisenisi. Ngokutsho koMphathiswa wezoQoqosho waseJamani, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,200 iiyunithi ziya kwakhiwa kwiplanti. Ngokuthelekisa, i-Bundeswehr inabanikazi beemoto ezingaphantsi kwe-1,000.
USirayeli kunye neNkomfa yaseLwandle
Abantu baseMntla Afrika basanda kubeka esinye, isiqwenga esikhulu kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe: ikhontrakthi ye-1.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola yenkqubo yokulawula umda wanamhlanje kumda kunye neMali ehlaselwe yimfazwe yamakhaya. Le projekthi iya kuba nomdla kwinkampani yokhuselo ye-EADS yaseYurophu, eyakha inkqubo efanayo eSaudi Arabia. Urhulumente waseJamani uthatha inxaxheba kwisivumelwano ngokubonelela ngabaqeqeshi babalindi bemida yaseSaudi.
Kodwa amaqabane anobuchule anokukhawuleza ukuba angazinzi kwaye angalindelekanga, njengoko umzekelo we-Egypt ubonisa. Kunyaka ophelileyo, iCairo yangenisa uphando olusemthethweni eBerlin ibuza ukuba inokuthenga na iinkwili ezimbini kwi-HDW esekwe eKiel. AmaJiphutha ayengabuzi ngeenkwili zodidi lweDolphin ezinezixhobo zenyukliya, ezinikezelwa yiJamani kuSirayeli. Babenomdla kwiinqanawa ezimbini kudidi lwama-209 ngokobugcisa obunganeno kakhulu.
Ekuqaleni, isivumelwano sasijongeka sinengeniso yezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Amagosa eSebe lezoKhuselo laseJamani ajongana neSebe lezoKhuselo lakwa-Israeli, kwaye ikhanseleli yabiza inkulumbuso yakwa-Israel. Kwakungekho zichaso. NgoNovemba 28, 2011, iBhunga loKhuseleko lwe-Federal wanika imvume.
Kodwa imeko yaseCairo iye yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngoko. Umongameli omtsha, u-Mohammed Morsi, uvela kwi-Muslim Brotherhood kwaye unobudlelwane obusondeleyo neqela lamaSilamsi i-Hamas. Umbutho wakhe uphuhlise umgaqo-siseko oyilwayo othi, njengalowo uphantsi kozwilakhe owasuswayo uHosni Mubarak, uchaze umthetho weShariah njengesiseko sayo yonke imithetho. Yaye eYerusalem, amaYiputa akasajongwa njengamahlakani athembekileyo kuloo mmandla. Isivumelwano senkwili yingxaki ngoku.
Ngesithethi sakhe, uNetanyahu ukhuphe isibongozo kumaphephandaba ukuba sirhoxiswe isivumelwano, kwaye uSekela nkulumbuso uSilvan Shalom wathi "siyavuma ukuba asivumi." Ukucatshukiswa bubuso bamaSirayeli ngokukhawuleza kunye noxinzelelo olungalindelekanga oluvela kubasebenzi bakaNetanyahu, iChancellery yaqinisekisa amaSirayeli ukuba iya kuphonononga isigqibo. Kwintlanganiso yeBhunga loKhuseleko lwe-Federal ngoMvulo odlulileyo, u-Westerwelle wakhalaza ukuba iBerlin akufanele yenze isikhundla sayo sixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kumaSirayeli. Kodwa nokuba iBerlin igqibe kwelokuba igqibe ngantoni, iyakwahlukanisa iqabane elinye elibalulekileyo kulo mmandla, nokuba ngama-Israyeli okanye amaJiphutha.
Ukuxhotyiswa kweJamani kwi-United Arab Emirates akuzange kube nzima xa kuthelekiswa, kwaye kunengeniso enkulu. Urhulumente waseBerlin uthambekele ekuchaseni inkcaso yezopolitiko ngengxoxo yokuba ilizwe kufuneka lomelezwe ngomkhosi ngokuchasene ne-Iran. Kwaye ngenkxaso yezopolitiko, ayimangalisi into yokuba i-Emirates ibe ngumthengi othandwayo kwishishini lezixhobo zaseJamani. I-Rheinmetall, umzekelo, ayithengisanga kuphela inkqubo ye-27-mm yompu we-naval yelizwe, kodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje yakha umzi-mveliso wokuqala we-UAE. Ikwidolophu yasemkhosini yaseSayid kwaye ngoku ibonelela ngeemveliso zayo ezibulalayo ukuze zithunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle kuMbindi Mpuma.
Abathunywa ababini baseBundeswehr baya kwi-2011 International Defense Exhibition (IDEX) e-Abu Dhabi. Enye yayikhokelwa ngusekela-mhloli jikelele womkhosi, yaza enye yayiyintloko yesebe lezixhobo kwiSebe lezoKhuselo. Umnyhadala weentsuku ezintlanu kwi-emirate uthathwa njengemecca kushishino lwezixhobo. IQela leRheinmetall yayiyenye yeenkampani zaseJamani ezingama-66 ezibonisa kwi-IDEX, apho yayibonise itanki yayo yamva nje, ebizwa ngokuba "yiNguqulelo enkulu yeTanki yedabi."
I-Bundeswehr iphinda ixhase ishishini ngezinto ezichithwayo, ngakumbi i-Leopard 2, apho yayikhe yaba ngaphezu kwe-2,100. Kwezo, ezinye ezili-1,233 ziye zathengiswa kumazwe angaphandle. Kwihlabathi lasemva kweMfazwe ebandayo, iJamani iceba ukwenza ngamatanki angama-225 kuphela.
Ngaphambi kokuba iiLeopards ezine-mothballed zithunyelwe kumakhaya azo amatsha, zihlaziywa ngokupheleleyo, kunye neenkampani ezenza umsebenzi kwaye zihlala zenza amaxesha amaninzi njengoko iBundeswehr inokuqokelela izixhobo zayo ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Ngokomzekelo, iChile ifumana iitanki ze-172, apho ihlawula i-Bundeswehr € 46 yezigidi kunye ne-78.6 yezigidi eyongezelelweyo echithwe ekuphuculeni. I-Turkey yathatha iitanki ze-354, ezazifakwe ngetekhnoloji entsha yokulwa nge-298 yezigidi. Isivumelwano esifanayo sisemisebenzini neSingapore, kwaye i-Indonesia kulindeleke ukuba ilandele. Urhulumente ukhuphe imvume yokuthumela ngaphandle okwethutyana, ukuze iLeopard iboniswe kumboniso wezixhobo zase-Indonesia, “Indo Defence,” ekuqaleni kukaNovemba.
UMerkel uyazi ukuba ukuthunyelwa kweengalo kumazwe angaphandle akuthandwa. Abavoti abayithandi xa oorhulumente abangoozwilakhe njengaleyo yaseSaudi Arabia isebenzisa izixhobo zaseJamani ukuze bahlale bephethe. Inkcazo esemthethweni yokuba ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo kusindisa imisebenzi ayihambelani noluntu. Nangona kunjalo, uye wahambela phambili, enethemba lokukholisa oogxa bakhe behlabathi ngesicwangciso.
Uqale wabeka indlela yakhe, iMfundiso yeMerkel, kumsitho kaSeptemba odlulileyo owawubanjwe yi-Bergedorf Round Table, indawo edibene nezopolitiko eziphambili zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neYurophu kwiingxoxo ngomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle kunye nokhuseleko ukususela ngo-1961. Kwinyanga ephelileyo, wambonisa. isicwangciso kwelinye iqela elikhethiweyo labaphulaphuli. I-EU kunye ne-NATO zixhomekeke kwamanye amazwe, ngakumbi amazwe asakhulayo, athatha uxanduva ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo, watsho kwinkomfa yamagosa aphezulu okhuselo eStrausberg kufuphi neBerlin. “Ndiqinisekile ukuba kusemdleni wethu ukwenza amahlakani athathe inxaxheba ngokufanelekileyo ekuqinisekiseni okanye ekumiseni kwakhona ukhuseleko noxolo kwimimandla yabo,” utshilo.
Ukuqinisekisa uXolo kunye noZinzo
Amagosa e-Bundeswehr kunye neengcali zokhuseleko kwintlanganiso babeyazi kakuhle into awayeyithetha: Urhulumente kukubonelela ngezixhobo kwimimandla enongquzulwano olunokubakho, njengoMbindi Mpuma kunye noMzantsi-mpuma Asia, kwaye amazwe akuloo mimandla aya kuthi emva koko asebenzise ezo zixhobo ukuqinisekisa uxolo nozinzo. .
Ngokwembono yekhansile, iingxaki ezimbini zinokusonjululwa ngale mfundiso. Kwelinye icala, ithethelela ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo kumazwe angaphandle kwemimandla efana noSingasiqithi weArabia, ekudala kukho impikiswano. Kwelinye icala, ibonelela urhulumente ngesizathu esingcono sokungafuni kweJamani ukubandakanyeka kwiingxabano zaphesheya.
Kwaye uMerkel akasafuni ukuba noxanduva lwemishini emikhulu yaphesheya kolwandle. Ubona i-Afghanistan njengobungqina bokuba ungenelelo kumazwe angaphandle ludla ngokusilela. Ngokombono we-chancellor, kungcono kwaye kuncinci ubungozi ukubonelela ngenkxaso yomkhosi kwicala elinye kwingxabano enikiweyo.
IAlgeria lelinye lala maqabane anobuchule. Ilizwe laseMntla Afrika lijongene nomda wamazwe amabini athe angena kumbhodamo, iMali kunye neLibya, kwaye ngoku kulindeleke ukuba isebenze njengentloko ekulweni abanqolobi abangamaSilamsi. Ubukrelekrele baseAlgeria bungene kwi-al-Qaida kwi-Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) kwinqanaba elikhulu. I-United States ikwafuna ukusebenzisa ikoloni yangaphambili yaseFransi njengesiseko semizamo yayo yokulwa nobunqolobi.
Akuyona ingozi ukuba i-Algeria ibe ngumxhamli obaluleke kakhulu kwiimvume zokuthumela ngaphandle zaseJamani, kunye nelizwe elizimeleyo libeka indawo yesibhozo kwi-2011. I-Algeria ixhasa iingalo zayo ezibanzi malunga neengeniso zeoli kunye negesi.
Iinkampani ezimbini zidlale indima enkulu ekwakhiweni kweengalo eAlgeria. Ilizwe liyalele iifrigates kwi-ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems. Kwaye i-Rheinmetall ese-Düsseldorf yakha umzi-mveliso ukuvelisa abathwali babasebenzi abaxhotyisiweyo be-Fuchs phantsi kwesivumelwano selayisenisi. Ngokutsho koMphathiswa wezoQoqosho waseJamani, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,200 iiyunithi ziya kwakhiwa kwiplanti. Ngokuthelekisa, i-Bundeswehr inabanikazi beemoto ezingaphantsi kwe-1,000.
USirayeli kunye neNkomfa yaseLwandle
Abantu baseMntla Afrika basanda kubeka esinye, isiqwenga esikhulu kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe: ikhontrakthi ye-1.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola yenkqubo yokulawula umda wanamhlanje kumda kunye neMali ehlaselwe yimfazwe yamakhaya. Le projekthi iya kuba nomdla kwinkampani yokhuselo ye-EADS yaseYurophu, eyakha inkqubo efanayo eSaudi Arabia. Urhulumente waseJamani uthatha inxaxheba kwisivumelwano ngokubonelela ngabaqeqeshi babalindi bemida yaseSaudi.
Kodwa amaqabane anobuchule anokukhawuleza ukuba angazinzi kwaye angalindelekanga, njengoko umzekelo we-Egypt ubonisa. Kunyaka ophelileyo, iCairo yangenisa uphando olusemthethweni eBerlin ibuza ukuba inokuthenga na iinkwili ezimbini kwi-HDW esekwe eKiel. AmaJiphutha ayengabuzi ngeenkwili zodidi lweDolphin ezinezixhobo zenyukliya, ezinikezelwa yiJamani kuSirayeli. Babenomdla kwiinqanawa ezimbini kudidi lwama-209 ngokobugcisa obunganeno kakhulu.
Ekuqaleni, isivumelwano sasijongeka sinengeniso yezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Amagosa eSebe lezoKhuselo laseJamani ajongana neSebe lezoKhuselo lakwa-Israeli, kwaye ikhanseleli yabiza inkulumbuso yakwa-Israel. Kwakungekho zichaso. NgoNovemba 28, 2011, iBhunga loKhuseleko lwe-Federal wanika imvume.
Kodwa imeko yaseCairo iye yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngoko. Umongameli omtsha, u-Mohammed Morsi, uvela kwi-Muslim Brotherhood kwaye unobudlelwane obusondeleyo neqela lamaSilamsi i-Hamas. Umbutho wakhe uphuhlise umgaqo-siseko oyilwayo othi, njengalowo uphantsi kozwilakhe owasuswayo uHosni Mubarak, uchaze umthetho weShariah njengesiseko sayo yonke imithetho. Yaye eYerusalem, amaYiputa akasajongwa njengamahlakani athembekileyo kuloo mmandla. Isivumelwano senkwili yingxaki ngoku.
Ngesithethi sakhe, uNetanyahu ukhuphe isibongozo kumaphephandaba ukuba sirhoxiswe isivumelwano, kwaye uSekela nkulumbuso uSilvan Shalom wathi "siyavuma ukuba asivumi." Ukucatshukiswa bubuso bamaSirayeli ngokukhawuleza kunye noxinzelelo olungalindelekanga oluvela kubasebenzi bakaNetanyahu, iChancellery yaqinisekisa amaSirayeli ukuba iya kuphonononga isigqibo. Kwintlanganiso yeBhunga loKhuseleko lwe-Federal ngoMvulo odlulileyo, u-Westerwelle wakhalaza ukuba iBerlin akufanele yenze isikhundla sayo sixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kumaSirayeli. Kodwa nokuba iBerlin igqibe kwelokuba igqibe ngantoni, iyakwahlukanisa iqabane elinye elibalulekileyo kulo mmandla, nokuba ngama-Israyeli okanye amaJiphutha.
Ukuxhotyiswa kweJamani kwi-United Arab Emirates akuzange kube nzima xa kuthelekiswa, kwaye kunengeniso enkulu. Urhulumente waseBerlin uthambekele ekuchaseni inkcaso yezopolitiko ngengxoxo yokuba ilizwe kufuneka lomelezwe ngomkhosi ngokuchasene ne-Iran. Kwaye ngenkxaso yezopolitiko, ayimangalisi into yokuba i-Emirates ibe ngumthengi othandwayo kwishishini lezixhobo zaseJamani. I-Rheinmetall, umzekelo, ayithengisanga kuphela inkqubo ye-27-mm yompu we-naval yelizwe, kodwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje yakha umzi-mveliso wokuqala we-UAE. Ikwidolophu yasemkhosini yaseSayid kwaye ngoku ibonelela ngeemveliso zayo ezibulalayo ukuze zithunyelwe kumazwe angaphandle kuMbindi Mpuma.
(Der Spiegel)
