Ababhali-mbali bakuMbindi Mpuma ngokubanzi bayavuma ukuba imbali yanamhlanje yalo mmandla iqala ngowe-1798. Lowo yayingunyaka awathi umkhosi omncinane wamaFrentshi owawuphantsi komyalelo wenjengele uNapoleon wafika eYiputa waza wayoyisa ngaphandle kokuxhathisa okukhulu. Yayisisihlandlo sokuqala ukususela ngexesha leeMfazwe Zomnqamlezo ukuba umkhosi waseYurophu ungene kumbindi woMbindi Mpuma. Okubi nangakumbi kukuba, kuphela ngoncedo lomkhosi wasemanzini waseBritani abathi aba bahlaseli batsalwe ngaphandle. Uloyiso lwe-Egypt lwalungajoliswanga kangako ekuphazamiseni ubomi babantu abahlala e-Egypt kodwa ukubaluleka kommandla wezopolitiko kwenza ukuba kube sesichengeni sokukhuphisana nobukhosi baseBritane naseFransi. Yiyo loo nto uMbindi Mpuma waziswa kwiqonga lezopolitiko lamazwe ngamazwe. Kum, oku kwaphawula ukuqala kwento endiza kuyibiza apha ngokuba yi-“1798 syndrome”.
AmaBritani namaFrentshi aphumelela ekoyiseni iMesopotamiya njengebhaso loloyiso lokoyisa amaOttoman ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Ngowe-1919, wonke uMbindi Mpuma noMntla Afrika (ngaphandle kweSaudi Arabia) wawela ezandleni zamazwe awahlukahlukeneyo aseYurophu. Ixesha lokulawula kweYurophu laphela ngentshabalalo eyabangelwa yiMfazwe Yehlabathi II. I-US kunye nokhuphiswano lwaseSoviet bawuthatha umlo kwaye kwakhona uMbindi Mpuma kwafuneka udlale indima yebala lokulwa. Iimfazwe kunye nokuhlaselwa kwe20th inkulungwane yenze ukuba lo mmandla ube sesichengeni kwabo benza izithembiso njengoko ezangaphambili zalandelwa kukungcatshwa. Isivumelwano se-Anglo-French se-Sykes-Picot kunye ne-Balfour Declaration yimizekelo emibini kuphela, singasathethi ke ngeentshukumo zobuzwe kunye ne-socialist ze-1950 ukuya kwii-1960.
Esinye sezizathu zokuba uMbindi Mpuma uhamba kwesi sigaba "sentwasahlobo" kukuba abantu base-Arab badiniwe kukutyhalwa ngapha nangapha ngamandla angaphandle. I-Arab Spring imalunga ne-geopolitics njengoko imalunga noqoqosho kunye nobulungisa bentlalo. Ukuhlaliswa kwamaMerika eIraq, inkxaso ye-US kuSirayeli, kunye nezithembiso zedemokhrasi eziye zakhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kwelizwe, zidlale indima kwisiphithiphithi esisibonayo “kwisitalato sama-Arab”. Ukuthotywa koozwilakhe ababezimanya ne-US kwaye becinezela abantu babo luhlobo lokukhalela inkululeko. Oko kukuthi, ukuzimela ngaphandle kokungenelela kunye nokuzimela kwabantu base-Arab ukuba bathathe isigqibo sokuba ngubani omele abalawule.
Ingxelo yobuzwe baseArabhu ekuqaleni kwe20th Inkulungwane yayijoliswe ngokuchasene nama-Ottomans, kwaye kamva, abahlali bama impiriyali. Namhlanje, uSirayeli ubonwa njengequmrhu lasemzini kumhlaba wama-Arabhu, ama-Irani ahluke ngokobuhlanga nangokwenkolo kunama-Arabhu, ngelixa ama-Turks anokunxulunyaniswa ne-imperialism yase-Ottoman kade. Masijongane nayo! Abaqhankqalazi kunye nabaqhankqalazi baphakamise iiflegi zelizwe kwaye bangamathandazwe anebhongo. Ngaphandle koluvo loluntu, amazwe akhankanywe ngasentla anenxaxheba kwi-post-Arab Spring Middle East. Iinketho zongenelelo lwe-NATO ziye zashiywa kude kube sekupheleni kodwa zisekhona ngelixa iRussia neTshayina zibheja kwingxabano eSyria. Njengabanye abaninzi, bendinethemba malunga neNtwasahlobo yama-Arab kodwa ngoku ndiguquke ndanentandabuzo. Ngenxa yeziganeko eSyria, ndiyathandabuza ukuba i-Arab Spring iya kukwazi ukuhambisa ummandla ngaphandle kwe-"1798 syndrome".
IZIFUNDO EZICETYWAYO
UWilliam Cleveland, Imbali yoMbindi Mpuma wale mihla (Westview Press, 2004)
UBernard Lewis, Ukholo kunye namandla: Inkolo kunye nezopolitiko kuMbindi Mpuma (Oxford University Press, 2010)
URashid Khalidi, Ubukhosi obuvusayo: Iinyawo zaseNtshona kunye neNdlela enobungozi yaseMelika kuMbindi Mpuma (Beacon Press, 2004)
Akram Fouad Khater, Imithombo kwiMbali yoMbindi Mpuma (Wadsworth Publishing, 2010)
