Iphepha (32-37)
Kukude nokuhlawula 'usr. I zakât
yemveliso efunyenwe kumhlaba womntu ibizwa ngokuba 'Ushr. Nditsho a
umntu onetyala kufuneka ahlawule 'usr.
U-Imâm-i-a'zam uthi: “Xa kukho naluphi na uhlobo lwemifuno okanye isiqhamo
ifunyenwe emhlabeni, nokuba ingakanani na, kukude ukupha
isinye eshumini sayo okanye into elingana nayo ngegolide okanye isilivere kumaSilamsi ahlwempuzekileyo.”
Xa imveliso ifunyenwe kumhlaba onkcenkceshelwa ngawo
amandla esilwanyana, ivili lamanzi okanye oomatshini, amashumi amabini ananye kuwo
inikwe. Nokuba isahlulo seshumi okanye isinye kwishumi elinesibini, mayinikwe
ngaphambi kokuba kutsalwe oko kuchithwa kwizilwanyana, imbewu, izixhobo, isichumisi
iikhemikhali kunye nabasebenzi. 'Ushr akahlawulwa ngemveliso encinci
kunenye sâ'. Nokuba umnikazi womhlaba ngumntwana, igeza
umntu okanye ikhoboka, 'ushr walo kufuneka ahlawulwe. Urhulumente uthatha 'ushr
ngokunyanzelwa kumntu ongayi kuhlawula imali yakhe. 'Ushr akahlawulwa
yeziqhamo nemifuno eyadini yendlu yomntu okanye
iinkuni, ingca okanye ifula, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zininzi kangakanani na. Kuba
nobusi, [nokuba bekukho inkcitho kwizinto ezinjalo
iimpahla zobunjineli], umqhaphu, iti, icuba, iziqhamo
efunyenwe kwimithi yasemasimini, [njengeminquma, iidiliya], isahlulo seshumi sinye
ihlawulwe njenge 'usr. Akukho 'ushr yepitch, petroleum okanye ityuwa. [Bona i
okwesibini kobune butyebi beBeytulmâl kamva ngaphambili.] Yiyo
Kuharam ukutya imveliso engekahlawulwa.
Kuyimfuneko ukuhlawula 'ushr yayo nasemva kokuba uyityile.
U-Ibni 'Âbidîn[1] uthi: “I-'ush yeziqhamo neenkozo, ngokwe
I-Imâm-i-a'zam kunye ne-Imâm-i-Zufer, iba kude xa benayo
yenziwe kwisiqu kwaye ngelixa zisakhuselekile ukusuka
ukubola. Nokuba abakakulungeli ukuvunwa, i-'ush kufuneka
zihlawulwe xa sele zivuthiwe ngokwaneleyo ukuba zisetyenziswe, ukuba zitye. Ngoku ka
I-Imâm-i-Abû Yûsuf, xa zivuthwa, iba fard (ukuhlawula i-usr.
kubo) ngaphambi kokuvuna. Kwaye ngokuka-Imâm-iMuhammad iba kude emva kokuvuna, oko kukuthi, emva kwayo yonke loo nto
zivuniwe, zahlanganiswa. Kuvumelekile ukukhetha ezinye
[1] USayyid Muhammad Emîn bin 'Umar bin 'Abd-ul-'Azîz 'rahmatullâhi
ta'âlâ 'alaih', (1198 [1784 AD] – 1252 [1836], eDamasko,) wabhala
Incwadi yemiqulu emihlanu njengenkcazo yencwadi ethi Durr-ul-mukhtâr,
ngu-Alâudîn Haskafî 'rahmatullahi ta'âlâ 'alaih', (1021, Haskaf –
1088 [1677],) kwaye yabizwa ngokuba yiRadd-ul-muhtâr. Xa isihloko Ibni 'Âbidîn
ukhankanyiwe, nokuba ngulaa mfundi ubalulekileyo, uSayyid Muhammad Emîn,
okanye isihlomelo sakhe, Radd-ul-muhtâr, sithethiwe. I-Radd-ul-muhtâr yiyo
eyona ncwadi ithembekileyo yeFiqh kwiHanafî Madhhab.
athabathe eziqwini zawo, azidle, azinike omnye umntu ukuba adle
ngaphambi kokuvuna. Kodwa ngokuka-Imâm-i-azam 'ushr wabo kananjalo
kufuneka ihlawulwe, nto leyo engeyomfuneko ngokweemâm ezimbini.
Kodwa zibandakanyiwe ekubaleni, okwenziwa ukuze kubonwe ukuba i
imveliso yi (ubuncinci) isixa seeveki ezintlanu. Ukuba umntu uyawakhetha
emva kokuba zivuthwe, 'ushr' yazo ayikafuneki ngokutsho
ku-Imâm-i-Muhammad. Emva kokugqitywa kokuvuna, i
'imali echithiweyo okanye ebiweyo ayimele ihlawulwe." Amahlwempu
mababale kwaye bahlawule imali yabo ngokweeimâm ezimbini.
Abo bazizityebi mabayihlawule ngokwe-Imâm-i-a'zam.
Ibhalwe kwiphepha lamakhulu amabini anamashumi amabini anesihlanu
Incwadi ethi Imâd-ul-Islâm[1]: “Enoba ivela kwintsimi elinywayo okanye
sisidiliya okanye isidiliya, kuvumelekile ukuyitya imveliso leyo ungekayihlawuli
isinye eshumini sayo kumaSilamsi ahluphekayo. Ukuba umntu ulinganisa ubuninzi
uthathile watya waphinda wabala wabhatala i'usr ye
into athe umntu wayidla, yaba yintlekisa;
Ukuba umntu uthe wabutha iibhekile ezilishumi zengqolowa, akanikeli;
ishekele enye (36 1/2 kg) yayo kumaSilamsi alihlwempu, kungekuphela nje loo nto
ishel kodwa nazo zonke ezo bhasheli ezilishumi ziya kuba harâm. Ukuba umntu uyalungisa
umhlaba womnye umntu aze afumane isivuno ngaphandle kwemvume yomnye;
wemveliso ufumana kuphela isixa esilingana neendleko zakhe kwaye
Inkunzi yemali iba yinto esemthethweni kuye, kwaye okuseleyo kuyingozi; kufuneka anikele
Okuseleyo kusenzelwa amahlwempu.
Ngokuka-Imâm-i-Yûsuf kunye no-Imâm-i-Muhammad, ukuhlawula
isivuno selizwe kufuneka sibe sesohlobo
kunye nomgangatho oya kuhlala unyaka omnye kwaye isixa sawo kufuneka sibe ngaphezulu
ngaphezu kweeveki ezintlanu. I-wesk enye ithetha umthwalo wenkamela, osisixa
kumashumi amathandathu sa'. Amashumi amathandathu esa' ngamakhulu amabini anamashumi amahlanu eelitha. Ngokunjalo,
ii-imâm ezimbini zichaza ukuba i-nisâb ye-'usr ishumi elinesibini lamakhulu kunye
amashumi amahlanu eelitha. Kodwa i-fatâ inikwe ngokuvumelana ne
ijtihâd ka-Imâm-i-a'zam.
U-Ibni 'Âbidîn uthi kwiphepha lamakhulu amabini anamashumi amahlanu anesine
umqulu wesithathu: “Ukuba abemi besixeko baba ngamaSilamsi
ngokuzithandela okanye ukuba amaSilamsi asithimba isixeko ngenkani kunye nesinye kwisihlanu
umhlaba ugciniwe kwaye intsalela inikwa amajoni okanye
kwamanye amaSilamsi, iindawo ezinjalo zomhlaba ziba yipropathi yabo
zithabatheni, kwaye kukude ukuhlawula isivuno selizwe eli.
'I-Ushr ayithathwanga kumhlaba othinjwe ngenkani kwaye
inikwe abangakholwayo okanye ethathwe ngeendlela zoxolo
[1] Inguqulelo yesiTurkey ye-'Umdat-ul-Islâm eguqulelwe ngu 'Abd-ur-Rahmân
bin Yûsuf.
kwaye usengowabangakholwayo. IKharâj ithathwa kwiindawo ezinjalo zomhlaba.
[I-Ushr kunye ne-kharâj zisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwenye nganye
enye.] IKharâj ithathwa isenzelwa amazwe ase-Iraq, eSiriya, naseYiphutha, nge
ngaphandle kweBasra.” Ibhalwe kwiphepha lamashumi amahlanu anesibini le
umqulu wesibini: “Nokuba umnini womhlaba wekharâj unikela okanye
uyithengisela umSilamsi, ukanti i<em>kharâj iza kuhlawulwa kwimveliso.” Yona
ibhalwe kwi-Majmû'ai-jadîda: “Kuvumelekile ukuba uzimî ukuba
anikele ngomhlaba wakhe wokwenene kwisiseko esingcwele ngokumisela ukuba yayo
irenti ifanele inikwe amaSilamsi ahluphekayo.” Kwaye kubhaliwe encwadini
amakhulu amabini anamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu amaphepha omqulu wesithathu wayo
amagqabantshintshi: “Xa umntu ozimî[1] esifa abandlalifa bakhe basahlawula
kharâj. Ukuba akanandlalifa umhlaba oseleyo ngoweBeytulmâl
kwaye i-kharâj iyawa, oko kukuthi, ayihlawulwa. Ukuba urhulumente uyawuthengisa lo mhlaba,
eyi-mîrî, okanye ayinikele njenge-waqf, umntu (okanye isiseko)
oyifumanayo uhlawula 'usr, hayi kharâj." Uninzi lomhlaba waseAnatolian
iye yaba ngumhlaba we 'usr ngalo mgaqo-nkqubo. Kukwabhaliwe ngokunjalo ku
iphepha lamashumi amahlanu lomqulu wesibini. Kubhaliwe kwiphepha lamashumi amane anesithoba kumqulu wesibini, kwathiwa: “Xa athe umntu wanikela ngomhlaba wakhe
umntu owulimayo umhlaba umnika umrhumo. Kubhaliwe kwathiwa
kwiphepha lamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu: “Ukuba urhulumente urenta umhlaba ongowo
I-Beytulmâl, irenti ethathwa ngonyaka ngamnye ibala ikharâj. 'Ushr
ayithathwa ukongeza. Kuba, 'ushr ayithatyathelwa umhlaba ukuba ikharâj
ithathwe ngenxa yayo.” Ukuba umntu urenta indawo yakhe yokuhlala 'ushr, umnini
unika 'ushr wemveliso ngokuka-Imâm-i-a'zam. I
i-fatwâ inikwa ngokuvumelana noku kwiindawo apho irenti zikhoyo
phezulu. Ngokweimâm ezimbini umqeshi unika 'usr. I
i-fatwâ inikwa ngokufanelekileyo kwiindawo apho amaxabiso erenti ephantsi. Hayi
omnye kodwa umongameli welizwe unokuthengisa umhlaba ongowe
Beytulmâl. Ukuba umnini wendlu ehlala i-kharâj uba ngumSilamsi
okanye inike indawo yokuhlala kwi-waqf, i-kharâj yayo kufuneka ihlawulwe. Ukuba a
Intente ene-'usr ithengwa yi-zimmî, oko kukuthi, umntu ongengomSilamsi
indawo yokuhlala iba ngumhlaba wekharâj. Kubhaliwe kumakhulu amabini
nephepha lamashumi amathandathu anesihlanu kumqulu wesithathu: “Ukuba umongameli we
urhulumente unikela ngekharâj kumaSilamsi ongumnini we
kwindawo yokuhlala, umniniyo uyisebenzisa ngokwakhe ukuba unamalungelo afanelekileyo
ifunwa yiBeytulmâl.[2] Ukuba akanawo loo malungelo,
[1] Umntu ongengomSilamsi ohlala kwilizwe lamaSilamsi.
[2] IBeyt-ul-mâl (okanye iBayt-ul-mâl) bubuncwane bobuSilamsi.
urhulumente. Kumaphepha angaphambili kukho ulwazi oluneenkcukacha malunga ne
I-Beyt-ul-mâl. Ngokufunda loo maphepha, abafundi baya kuyazi ukuba yintoni na
lithetha ukuthi “abantu abanamalungelo afanelekileyo afunwayo kwiBeytul-mâl.”
uyinika umntu onelungelo. Ukuba umongameli uyanikela
i 'ushr ayivumelekanga. 'Ushr akathethelelwa ngurhulumente
ukurhoxiswa. Xa kunjalo umnini wendawo yokuhlala kufuneka ahlawule eyakhe
'isicelo kwabo banamalungelo afanelekileyo afunwayo kwi
Beytulmâl.”
Kubhaliwe kumqulu wesibini: “Izityalo ezivela kwimimandla yomhlaba ezithi
azikho phantsi kwe-kharâj okanye i-'usr, njengeentaba namahlathi,
kufuneka zibalwe njengemveliso phantsi kwe 'usr. Ukuba umntu uthunyelwa ezinye
izipho zomnini-mhlaba owaziyo ukuba akahlawulanga imali yazo,
Kulungile ukuba umntu asigcine isahlulo seshumi saso, anike amahlwempu, amnike amahlwempu
wandule ke udle okuseleyo.
Enye yeenkcazo kwiMithetho yoMhlaba ethatyathiweyo, ethi
imisele ulawulo lwe-Beytulmâl, oko kukuthi, umhlaba we-mîrî
indawo, yincwadi eshicilelwe ngo-1319 [hijrî], ngu-Ât›f Bey, owaye
utitshala wekhowudi yoluntu kwisikolo sesayensi yezopolitiko. Yi
ibhalwe kwicandelo layo lentshayelelo:
Ukuba ilizwe loyiswa yimfazwe, isinye kwisihlanu somhlaba sesabo
ukuya eBeytulmâl. Enye yezi meko zintathu zilandelayo ingasetyenziswa
kwabanye:
I-1 - Yahlula kwaye isasazwa kumajoni okanye kwezinye
AmaSilamsi. Imimandla enjalo yomhlaba iba yimpahla yaba bantu.
Umhlaba onjalo urhafiswa nge 'usr, eqokelelwa ngonyaka.
I-2 - Umhlaba ushiywe kwabangakholwayo. Umhlaba onjalo urhafiswa nge
kharâj.
3 - Umongameli welizwe akawuniki nabani na umhlaba,
kodwa uyinika iBeytulmâl. Umhlaba onjalo ukwabizwa ngokuba ngumhlaba we-mîrî. Ukuba
Umnini womhlaba we-usr okanye we-kharâj uyafa kwaye ukuba akanandlalifa;
umhlaba ngowaseBeytulmâl. Iba ngumhlaba we-mîrî. Iza kuba yi
ithengiswe okanye irentiswa ngexabiso eliqingqwe yi-sultân (umongameli we
ilizwe). Imixholo yayo (ixabiso) okanye irenti iba yikharâj, oko kukuthi, ibekwe
kwisahlulo sesithathu seBeytulmâl. Okanye, irentelwa kumaSilamsi okanye
abantu belizwe non-Muslim ngesenzo somthetho, ipesenti ethile
imveliso ithathwa ngonyaka njengerenti. Irenti ibikade iyeye
amajoni namagosa. Amajoni ayenelungelo lokuthatha i
iirenti zazibizwa ngokuba yiTimarci, kwaye amagosa ayebizwa ngokuba ziiZa'îm. I
umhlaba wamajoni wawubizwa ngokuba yiTimar, umhlaba wamagosa wawubizwa
IZe'âmet, yaye umhlaba weenjengele wawubizwa ngokuba nguKhâs. Abussu'ûd
UEfendi, uMuftiyy-us-saqaleyn, wabhala kwiifatwâs zakhe, ezikhoyo
ithala leencwadi laseNûr-i-Osmâniyye (e-Istanbul): “Isinye kwishumi
imveliso, ehlawulwa ngonyaka kunye nomyalelo wesultân kwi
ITimarcis ngabo baqeshe umhlaba weBeytulmâl's mîrî ngo
uxwebhu olusemthethweni, ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi 'usr; kanti ayisiyiyo 'ushr; yi
rente.” Ethubeni uninzi lwemihlaba yamamîrî yanikelwa okanye yathengiswa kubanini
abantu nguRhulumente, kuzo zombini ezi meko yaba ngumhlaba we 'usr.
Ngaloo ndlela phantse yonke imihlaba yaseAsia Minor naseRumelia yaba
umhlaba 'ushr. Njengoko kubonwa, enye ye 'usr kunye nekharâj
kufuneka ihlawulwe ngemveliso yomhlaba. Abanye abantu bathi kwaye babhale
ukuba umhlaba waseAnatolian ayingomhlaba we 'usr. Noko ke, inyaniso kukuba
ukuba akukho mhlaba mîrî kwilizwe lethu. Amasimi wonke umntu kunye
imiyezo yipropati yabo, okanye ngabaqeshi. Kukude kubo
ukuhlawula imbuyekezo yemveliso yayo.
Ngexesha le-Ottoman kwakukho iindidi ezintlanu zemimandla yomhlaba:
1 – Kwezo ndawo zomhlaba beziyipropathi yabantu, kakhulu
abambalwa babenekharâj kwaye uninzi lwabo lwalune 'usr. Umhlaba
leyo yayiyimpahla yabantu ineendidi ezine. Eyokuqala
udidi luneziza kwidolophana okanye isixeko kunye nemimandla yomhlaba
kufuphi nelali kwaye akukho nkulu kunesiqingatha sedönüm (malunga ne-0.116
iihektare). Zazingumhlaba wasemîrî ngaphambili kwaye zathengiswa kubanini
abantu abanemvume yeCaliph kamva. Okanye yayiziindawo zomhlaba
nge 'usr okanye nge kharâj. Kudidi lwesibini kwakukho ezo mîrî
iindawo namasimi awayethengiselwe abantu kunye neCaliph
imvume. 'Ushr wahlawulwa kwingeniso yabo. Udidi lwesithathu
yayiyizo ndawo zomhlaba zine 'usr kunye neyesine yayiquka ezo
kunye nekharâj.
Umnini wawo nawuphi na kwezi ntlobo zine zomhlaba wayenokuthengisa ngawo. Yena
iyakushiya, nayo. Yayiya kwabelwa yakhe
abanini-mafa njengoko kumiselwe lulwazi lukaFarâid (isebe le
Inzululwazi yamaSilamsi ejongene nelifa).[1] Kwelinye icala,
ukuba umntu ebesebenzisa ummandla womhlaba kudidi lwemîrî
ngenxa yokuba wayenikwe ummiselo wawo, waza wabahlawula
irenti; xa lo mntu efile amafa akhe ayengenako ukwahlula phakathi
ngokwabo okanye bayithengise. Akanakuthanda ukuba olu hlobo lomhlaba luthengiswe
okanye amatyala akhe ahlawulwe kwimali efunyenwe ngokuthengisa kwayo.
Ilizwe lalingayi kuba lelamafa akhe. Bekungayi kuba njalo
ibandakanywe kwi-nisâb yeQurbân, nokuba. Yaye yayingenakuthengiswa.
Kuphela, inokudluliselwa komnye umntu njengembuyekezo yemali
ngemvume yomnini weTimâr. Umntu onayo
umhlaba oqeshisayo we-mîrî unokuhlwayela nantoni na okanye uvumele omnye umntu ukuba asebenzise
umhlaba ngembuyekezo yerenti. Nawuphi na umhlaba oshiywe ungalinywanga
iminyaka emithathu yayiza kuqeshwa komnye umntu. Umqeshi
Umlimi wayengenakutyala imithi okanye imidiliya kumhlaba we-mîrî ngaphandle
[1] Nceda ujonge isahluko samashumi amabini anesithathu.
imvume. Wayengenako ukwakha indlu apho ngaphandle kwemvume.
nokuba. Kwakungekho mntu ufileyo angcwatyelwe apho. Umhlaba we-mîrî
ibingayi kuba yimpahla yaloo mntu uyiqeshileyo
uxwebhu olusemthethweni. Abantu abanjalo babengabaqeshi kuphela. Yayisisithethe loo nto
xa umlimi oqeshileyo efile umhlaba uya kuqeshwa ngowakhe
indlalifa. Eli yayingelilo ilungelo lendlalifa elimiselwe ngu
ISharî'a, kodwa yayisisipho esivela kuRhulumente. Nceda ubone inxalenye yokugqibela ye
Isahluko samashumi amabini anesithathu.
2 – Imimandla yomhlaba yaseBeytulmâl, oko kukuthi umhlaba wasemîrî. Uninzi lwelizwe
umhlaba unjalo kwaye waqeshiswa. Kamva uninzi lwemimandla enjalo yomhlaba yaba
kwathengiswa ebantwini, yaba lilizwe laseUsh.
3 – Iindawo zeWaqf, eziveliswa phantsi kwe 'usr.
I-4 - Izithuba ezivulekileyo zomhlaba, amabala kunye nezinto ezinjalo zenziwe
loluntu.
I-5-Imimandla engeyiyo eye-Beytulmâl okanye nabani na
okunye, njengeentaba namahlathi; AmaSilamsi awayezihlakulela
yayiza kunika 'ushr wemveliso.
Ulonwabo olungapheliyo
