I-General Directorate of Monuments and Museums
Santa Claus
USanta Nicholas, owaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngokuthi uSanta Claus, wazalelwa edolobheni lasendulo laseLycian iPatara, idolobha elibalulekile ogwini lweMedithera eTurkey.
Cishe ngo-300 AD, ngesikhathi sokuchuma kwePatara, umthengisi kakolweni ocebile waba nendodana wayiqamba ngokuthi uNicholas. Ukuzalwa kwakhe kwamukelwa njengesipho esivela eZulwini, isithelo semithandazo nezifungo zabazali bakhe kanye nomsindisi kubantu abampofu. Kukholakala ukuthi wenza izimangaliso ngisho eseyinsizwa. Ngokwenganekwane ethile, uNicholas wayevaleleke ngaphansi kwemfucumfucu yesonto elidala futhi wasinda, ngesikhathi unina ekhala futhi embiza.
Ngemva kokushona kukayise Nicholas, wazuza ifa elikhulu, okuyinto wanquma ukuyisebenzisela ukusiza abampofu. Cishe ngaso leso sikhathi, enye yamadoda acebe kakhulu kaPatara yawela ebuphofini kangangokuthi yantula ngisho nendlela yokuqoqela amadodakazi ayo amalobolo. Wazizwa ephelelwa yithemba kangangokuthi waze wacabanga ngisho nokudayisa amadodakazi akhe, lapho uNicholas enquma ukuwasiza. Ngobunye ubusuku wangena endlini yabo, ngasese, ukuze angaziwa futhi agcine udumo lomndeni. Ngesikhathi umndeni ulele waphonsa efasiteleni lendodakazi endala isikhwama segolide, elanele ukumboza ilobolo layo. Ekuseni, indodakazi yayijabule kakhulu ngokuthola igolide elalizoyisindisa kulesi simo esinzima.
Kamuva, uNicholas naye wanquma ukusiza amadodakazi amabili asemancane, kodwa njengoba amafasitela awo ayevaliwe, waphonsa imali yawo esikhwameni esasiphuma kushimula. Lokhu kwaqala inganekwane kaSanta Claus ehambisa izipho ngesikhathi sikaKhisimusi. Le ndaba iphinde ichaze ukuthi kungani evezwa ezithombeni nasezifanekisweni zezithombe eziphethe amabhola amathathu enziwe ngegolide.
Enye indaba evela empilweni ka-St. Nicholas ihamba kanje:
UNicholas wahamba uhambo lokuya eJerusalema. Lapho ebuya, wahlenga umkhumbi ekucwileni. Ngokuyisimangaliso, wavusa netilosi elaliminzile. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, uSt. Nicholas ubelokhu aziwa njengosanta ongumvikeli wamatilosi.
Ngemva kweminyaka ethile, uNicholas washiya ikhaya lakhe lasePatara futhi wathuthela edolobheni eliseduze laseMyra. Ngalesosikhathi, umbhishobhi waseMyra wayeseshonile futhi kwakungekho sivumelwano esasingafinyelelwa ngomlandeli wakhe. Ekugcineni, izakhamuzi zedolobhana zanquma ukuthi umuntu olandelayo ozongena esontweni lendawo wayezoba umbhishobhi wazo olandelayo. Owokuqala owangena kwakunguNicholas, ngakho wathatha ubizo lobufundisi. Izimangaliso zakhe zaqhubeka eMira, kuhlanganise nesigameko lapho asindisa khona ukuphila kojenene abathathu. Enye indaba ihamba kanje:
Ngomunye unyaka, uMira wabhekana nendlala enkulu. Umkhumbi owawuthwele ummbila usuka e-Alexandria uya eByzantium wema ethekwini laseMyra e-Andriake. UNicholas wagijima waya ethekwini futhi wafuna ukuba umkhumbi ngamunye umnike ingxenye ethile yommbila wabo. Lapho amatilosi ebuyela eByzantium, ashaqeka lapho ethola ukuthi wonke ummbila ayewunikezile, engafuni, wawubuyele lapho ayewushiye khona.
NjengamaKristu amaningi enkathi yakhe, uNicholas waboshwa isikhathi esithile ngababusi uDiocletian noLicinius, ngenxa yokholo lwakhe. Ngo-325, uNicholas wabamba iqhaza emhlanganweni womkhandlu owabanjwa ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano eziningi zenkolo phakathi kobuKristu, esikhundleni sakhe njengombhishobhi waseMyra. Umfundisi wesonto okuthiwa uBonaventure wathi lapho eya eMkhandlwini, uNicholas wavusa izingane ezintathu ezazibulewe ezazizodliwa. Inganekwane ithi uNicholas, owaziwa nangokuthi ungcwele ongcwele wabafundi, kukholakala ukuthi washona eneminyaka engu-65 ubudala ngo-December 6, 343. AbakwaMyrians bakhe isonto lokuhlonipha ubungcwele bakhe futhi bamfaka endaweni yokukhulekela njengengcwele. indawo yakhe yokugcina.
Ngo-April 20, 1087, phakathi neMpi Yenkolo Yokuqala, izingxenye ezithile zohlaka lwamathambo akhe zebiwa futhi zathathwa abathengisi baseBari. Ezinye izinsalela zakhe okwamanje zise-Antalya Museum.
Isonto lika-St. Nicholas
Isonto elikhulu ngesitayela se-basilica lakhiwa endaweni yesonto lokuqala, ngemva kokuba lonakaliswe ukuzamazama komhlaba ngo-529. U-Peschlow ucabanga ukuthi izindawo zokuhlala ezincane ezimbili engxenyeni eseningizimu yodonga olukhulu nezinye izingxenye zodonga olusenyakatho ziyizinsalela. yesakhiwo sokuqala. Lelo bandla laphinde labhekana nomonakalo omkhulu ngokuzamazama komhlaba noma ezandleni zabahlaseli base-Arabia ngekhulu lesi-1034 futhi labuye lakhiwa kabusha, kodwa-ke, ngo-1042, labhujiswa ngokuphelele ekuhlaselweni kwebutho lase-Arabia. Umbhalo osesontweni usitshela ukuthi lesi sakhiwo sahlala siyincithakalo iminyaka eyishumi, ngaphambi kokuvuselelwa ngo-XNUMX, ngaphansi koMbusi waseByzantium uConstantine IX Monomachus nomkakhe uZoë. Ngekhulu leshumi nambili, lesi sakhiwo sanwetshwa ngokungezwa okuthile futhi saphinde sakhiwa kabusha.
AbaseTurkey baqala ukubusa iMyra ngekhulu le-13 futhi ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babekhonza ngokukhululekile esontweni futhi isakhiwo salungiswa. Ngo-1738, isonto eliseduze nesakhiwo esikhulu nalo lalungiswa. C. Texier, umhambi owavakashela e-Anatolia ngo-1833-1837, wavakashela eMira futhi wakhuluma ngesonto elingokomlando ezincwadini zakhe. Kwathi ngo-March ka-1842, isosha okuthiwa uLt. Spratt kanye noprofesa okuthiwa uForbes beza eMira futhi badweba umdwebo wesonto. Bakwazi ukubona ukuthi isigodlo sezindela sasike sama eduze naso.
Phakathi neMpi YaseCrimea ngo-1853, iqembu labantu baseRussia laba nesithakazelo esontweni futhi lathenga indawo ngegama lika-Countess Golici, lihlose ukuthola ikoloni laseRussia lapho. Umbuso wase-Ottoman waqaphela uhlangothi lwezombangazwe lwalesi sinyathelo futhi wawubuyisela umhlaba, kodwa wavuma ukucela ukuba ibandla libuyiselwe. Ngo-1862, kwaqashwa umFulentshi okuthiwa u-August Salzmann ukuba enze ukubuyisela. Nokho, umsebenzi wakhe wawuhlelwe kabi futhi wephula umklamo wasekuqaleni wesonto. Ngaphansi kwewashi likaSalzmann, kwanezelwa umbhoshongo wensimbi esakhiweni ngo-1876, osekhona nanamuhla.
Amasonto acishe abe ngu-2,000 750 angcweliswa kuSt. Nicholas, usanta ongumvikeli wamadolobha amaningi. Indaba yakhe yokuphila nezimangaliso zakhe zilotshwe ezincwadini eziningi, eyokuqala eyabhalwa umfundisi okuthiwa uMichael waseByzantiumis Stadion Monastery ngo-800-XNUMX. Ake sithi ukuhambahamba ndawonye kule ndawo enhle, isonto lika-St. Nicholas.
Ngemva kokungena emnyango, uhamba endleleni futhi ungabona isithombe sikaSanta Claus endaweni eluhlaza.
Eningizimu yaleli sonto kwakhiwa isonto eliyisiphambano, okwakuwukuphela kwesonto elinedome elalikhona ngekhulu lesine. Isonto nalo lanwetshwa ngasenyakatho. Ukwengeza, ngo-1862-63, kwanezelwa i-narthex nezinye izakhiwo eziseduze esakhiweni ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
Eqinisweni, umnyango omkhulu wesakhiwo ungasohlangothini olusentshonalanga, kodwa masiqhubeke siye ohlangothini olufanayo. Kusukela egcekeni, okusekhona izinsika ezimbili, ukuthatha izinyathelo ezimbalwa phansi kuzokuletha engxenyeni eseningizimu, eyanezelwa esakhiweni esikhulu ngesikhathi seByzantine. Le ngxenye imise okwesiphambano, futhi kutholakala i-apse enamakhothamo amathathu. Ungabona i-stylobate yasekuqaleni, noma isisekelo sekholomu, ngaphambili kanye ne-alter pedestal maphakathi ne-apse. Ku-apse's niche, izibalo zabangcwele abaningana ziyabonakala, umbala wabo manje usuphelile. Ku-niche encane ngaphansi kwabo kukhona i-fresco yaseSt. Kulesi sigaba naphansi kwendlu yesonto enkulu yesonto eliseningizimu-mpumalanga, kunemidwebo enemibala ehlukahlukene. Ku-niche, emele izitebhisi ezisentshonalanga, kunezithombe eziqoshiwe zikaJesu nezeNcasakazi uMariya.
Umnyango ogcinwe kahle usiholela ohlangothini olude lwendlu yesonto emise okwesiphambano, lapho kumi khona i-sarcophagi. Lolu wuhlangothi olude lwesiphambano endlini yesonto. Imidwebo ye-niches equkethe i-sarcophagi ihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso eminingi yabangcwele, kodwa isikhathi sesicishe saphela nya. Ama-niches amabili odongeni olusenyakatho kanye ne-Virgin Mary fresco kukholamu ziyizibonelo ezithakazelisayo. Imibhalo ebhalwe kukholamu enomfanekiso waseSt. Nicholas isitshela ukuthi yayibekwe ibheke phansi.
I-sarcophagus yokuqala yohlobo lwamaRoma enamaqabunga e-acanthus ku-niche yokuqala ingeka-St.Nicholas. Kuthiwa ukuhlotshiswa kwe-sarcophagus ngemiklamo ye-fish squamae kufanekisela ukuvikela kwakhe amatilosi. I-sarcophagus yaphulwa abaphangi baseBari ngo-Ephreli 20, 1087, lapho beba izingxenye ezithile zohlaka lwamathambo akhe baziyisa eBari.
Amanye ama-sarcophagi amabili awahlotshisiwe. Ngaphandle kwe-sarcophagi ku-niches, kukhona namanye amathuna amabili phansi. Ukusuka lapha, ungadlula egcekeni elikhulu elifakwe amaphaneli amakhulu ngomnyango. Egcekeni, kunamathuna amabili angenalutho endaweni ethile. I-motifs yesiphambano ne-hoe kumele yenziwe esikhumbuzweni sikaSt. Kwesokunxele, kukhona ithuna elibekwe odongeni elibhalwe ukuthi 1118. Ngegceke, ungaya kuqala kwi-narthex engaphandle, bese uye e-narthex engaphakathi ekuholela endaweni enkulu ngemva kokudlula iminyango emithathu. Le ndawo igcwele imifanekiso yababhishobhi. Le ndawo eyinhloko ivula ama-nave aseceleni anamakhothamo amathathu. Kunama-nave amabili engxenyeni eseningizimu yesakhiwo esikhulu. Abanye bathi i-sarcophagus ye-nave yesibili ingekaSt. Nicholas, kodwa izithombe eziqoshiwe zowesilisa nowesifazane ku-sarcophagus zibonisa okuhlukile. Kukhona elinye ithuna ku-niche ye-side nave. Emkhathini womkhumbi osenyakatho, kunezithombe eziqoshiwe zikaJesu nabaphostoli bakhe abangu-12. Ukumba onqenqemeni lwe-nave kuyaqhubeka. Engxenyeni esentshonalanga yendawo okumbiwe kuyo, kunamakamelo amathathu. Kufanele kube nedome elinamafasitela namarimu maphakathi nesakhiwo, kodwa ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa kukaSalzmann, le ndawo yayimbozwe ubambo olukhulu lwamatshe lohlaka lwamathambo.
Ngo-April 20, 1087, phakathi neMpi Yenkolo Yokuqala, izingxenye ezithile zohlaka lwamathambo akhe zebiwa futhi zathathwa abathengisi baseBari. Ezinye izinsalela zakhe okwamanje zingatholakala e-Antalya Museum.
