Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule, uMbusi waseZhou wabeka iChina isibonelo esikhazimulayo. I-paragon of virtue, wachaza ifilosofi yombusi evumelana nezulu eyaphefumulela uConfucius, futhi weza ukuzovala isikhala semibono esashiywa nguSihlalo uMao.
“Lowo osebenzisa ukubusa ngobuhle bakhe angase afaniswe nenkanyezi yasenyakatho egcina indawo yayo nazo zonke izinkanyezi ziphendukela kuyo,” kubhala uConfucius eminyakeni engu-2 500 edlule.
Njengoba ebhala la mazwi, uzobe esemcabangweni wakhe uMbusi waseZhou, cishe umuntu wokuqala wangempela oweqa umngcele wenganekwane emlandweni waseShayina.
“UConfucius, ngamazwi akhe, wathi: ‘O, kwezombangazwe ngilandela uMbusi WaseZhou’,” kusho umvubukuli uWang Tao.
"Ngiqinisekile ukuthi wazama kakhulu ukubuyisela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi inkathi yegolide, noma umthetho wegolide wobukhosi bakwaZhou, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi koMbusi wakwaZhou."
“Qala i-Quote
Ikakhulukazi emlandweni wamaShayina, wonke umuntu ubonakala eziphatha kabi”
Ngekhulu lesi-5 BC, iYurophu yayinoSocrates kanti iChina yayisanda kuba noConfucius. Zombili izazi zefilosofi zacabanga kanzima mayelana nezimiso zokuziphatha, nobudlelwano obufanele phakathi komuntu ngamunye nombuso.
Sivame ukucabanga ngoConfucius njengetshe lesisekelo sefilosofi yezombangazwe yaseShayina, kanjalo namaShayina amaningi enza kanjalo. Kodwa wayesakaza umbono womhlaba owawulokhu ugqama emakhulwini eminyaka.
“Wonke umuntu okuhlanganisa noConfucius ngokwakhe wayehlale ethi: ‘UMbusi waseZhou uyiqhawe lami, wamisa isisekelo ngempela, ikakhulukazi isisekelo samasiko eChina,’” kusho uTao.
Empeleni asazi okuningi ngoDuke waseZhou.
Uyinkolo yobuntu kunomuntu. Kodwa imbewu yehlelo ilele kumuntu wangempela womlando nezenzakalo zangempela. Umbusi wasiza umfowabo ukuthi ashanele umbusi okhohlakele futhi wathola ubukhosi bakwaZhou ngekhulu le-11 BC.
Kakade inyakatho yeChina yayinamadolobha, imisebenzi yomphakathi kanye nezinhlamvu zemali. Wawungekho umbuso okwamanje, kodwa ngisho nokubusa umbuso kwakudinga ikhono nobuhlakani.
Njengoba umlando ungufakazi wami
- Owayeyintatheli ye-BBC Beijing uCarrie Gracie wethula uchungechunge olunezingxenye ezingu-10 ngezibalo zomlando waseShayina ezembula okuthile ngeChina namuhla.
- Izinhlelo zingazwakala njalo phakathi nesonto ku-BBC Radio 4 ngo-13:45 BST
- Noma, lalela futhi ku-BBC iPlayer
Ngemva kokushona kukamfowabo, uMbusi wakwaZhou wasebenza njengesikhulu esiqotho, kwathi lapho umshana wakhe esekhulile, wanikela ngegunya.
UFrances Wood, umnakekeli weqoqo lamaShayina loMtapo WaseBrithani WaseBrithani uthi: “Usefana nomalume oyintandokazi yawo wonke umuntu.
Ikakhulukazi emlandweni waseShayina wonke umuntu ubonakala eziphatha kabi. Omalume, abagadli, izancinza, abafowethu… bonke bagcina benza okungalungile. Skim ufunde ukukhuphuka nokwehla kwamandla ombuso waseShayina futhi kuwukuchitheka kwegazi okwesabekayo kokufa okungaqondakali, ukunqunywa kwamakhanda, izingane eziklinyiwe, izingane zakubo eziphonswa phansi ngemithombo, amakhosi adliswa ushevu, imindeni yonke ibulawa noma abaphikisi badatshulwa izitho zomzimba. Kepha hhayi uMbusi waseZhou.
Yilokho okumenza intandokazi enkulu kumaConfucians. Umnyombo wefilosofi yabo yezombangazwe, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu kunemithetho noma izinkontileka, ubuqotho.
“Endleleni yokucabanga yamaShayina, lokho kuyinto ehlonipheke kakhulu, ukubambelela esithembisweni sakho,” kusho isazi-mlando uXun Zhou waseYunivesithi yaseHong Kong.
“Kungumsebenzi wasezulwini ukuthi umshana wakhe abe yinkosi, wakwenza lokho.”
Igunya lezulu ngumbono omkhulu kaDuke weZhou. Umbusi ubusa ngesibonelo esihle, esisakaza ubuhle ezweni lonke, futhi abonise ukuvumelana kwakhe nokwaphezulu.
Kodwa kunesigatshana sokuphuma kwabavukeli. Uma inkosi ihluleka ukubusa ngobuhle, ukuzwana kuyakonakala futhi kungabuyiselwa kuphela ngokususwa kwenkosi.
"Enye yezinto ezinhle ngomlando waseShayina indlela abantu ababa ngayo njengonkulunkulu - ukuthi onkulunkulu nabantu bayashintshana kancane, futhi abantu baba namandla angaphezu kwawomuntu. Ngicabanga ukuthi uMbusi waseZhou muhle kakhulu," kusho uFrances Wood.
Umqondo wegunya lezulu uqukethe ngaphakathi kwawo umqondo wokuthi uma umbusi emuhle, izulu liyojabula futhi konke kuzohamba kahle, kusho uWood. Uma umbusi emubi, izulu liyobonisa ukuthukuthela kwalo ngokuzamazama komhlaba nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinhlekelele zemvelo, futhi umbusi uyoketulwa.
UMbusi waseZhou ubuye atuswe ngokudala amasiko ombuso - inqubo eqiniswe uConfucius, owasiza ukwenza iShayina ibe yisizwe somkhuba. Le mikhuba, eminingi yayo esaqhubeka nanamuhla, ivame ukuveza isikhundla sothile emphakathini, noma emkhayeni.
“Inkolo yobuConfucian inamandla ikakhulukazi [emibonweni enjengokuthi] indodana kumelwe ilalele uyise, inkosikazi kumelwe ilalele umyeni wayo,” kusho uWood.
UMbusi weZhou
- Wazalwa ngekhulu le-11 BC
- Igama lomuntu uJi Dan
- Ubukhosi bakwaZhou babusa lokho manje okuyingxenye yesifundazwe saseShaanxi - eyaziwa ngokuthi isizinda sempucuko yaseShayina.
- UDuke waziwa nangokuthi “uNkulunkulu Wamaphupho” - enganekwaneni, wazisa abantu ngamaphupho lapho okuthile okubalulekile kuzokwenzeka kubo.
- Wasungula lokho manje osekuyidolobha lesimanje laseLuoyang esifundazweni saseHenan esentshonalanga, ngo-c1036 BC.
"Isiko phakathi komndeni, ukuhleleka kwe-pecking, zonke lezo zinto zisungulwa ngomkhuba."
Ukumemezela yonke eminye imisebenzi kaConfucian kuwumsebenzi wabaphilayo kwabafileyo. Idlozi liphezulu kakhulu ebukhosini bomndeni.
“Ukukhulekela okhokho eChina kubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba amaShayina akanayo inkolo ethile, awakholelwa kuNkulunkulu,” kuchaza uWang Tao.
"Kodwa bonke bakhonza amadlozi. Uma ufuna ukuzakhela emphakathini kumele ube nedlozi elihle. Futhi kumele ube nobudlelwano obuhle nalelo dlozi."
UDuke waseZhou ungukhokho omuhle kakhulu. Futhi wabheka emuva nakakhulu, kokhokho baseShayina abayinganekwane, uTao uthi, "esebenzisa lokho ukwakha isizwe noma isiko laseShayina".
Kodwa ngo-1949, kwaba nenguquko. Isiko lezombangazwe elakhiwe ngokuhlonipha amadlozi nokufunda izifundo embusweni wabo ophelele laphendulwa ekhanda lalo.
"Amandla ezombusazwe aphuma emgqonyeni wesibhamu," kusho uMao. Ungase uzame ukufundisa labo abangavumelani nawe, kodwa uma lokho kwehluleka kufanele ubabhubhise.
Iminyaka eyikhulu, iShayina ibilokhu isopha insimu kumakoloni aseNtshonalanga naseJapan. Ngokokuqala ngqá emlandweni, impucuko enamandla ngokuzazi yazizwa impofu futhi ihlehla.
KumaShayina amaningi, ifilosofi yawo yasendulo yayibonakala iyingxenye yenkinga. Futhi lapho amakhomanisi ethatha izintambo ngo-1949, uConfucius kanye noMbusi waseZhou baphonswa phansi ezisekelweni zabo.
UPeter Bol waseHarvard University uthi: “Isikhathi esidlule samaShayina sasiyisitha!
"Ukube iChina yake yaba amandla amakhulu emhlabeni, ukube yayikade ingumthombo wamamodeli empumalanga ye-Asia yonke, isikhathi esedlule saseShayina sasetshenziswa ukuchaza ukuthi kungani singasenjalo, futhi kwadingeka ukuthi sibhujiswe."
I-Mao's Cultural Revolution yaqala ukucekela phansi ama-Olds amane - Amasiko Akudala, Isiko Elidala, Imikhuba Emidala kanye Nemibono Emidala.
Ngo-1966, ama-Red Guards ayizigidi eziyi-11, amasosha ashaqisayo kaMao, akhukhula eBeijing futhi acekela phansi izinkulungwane zezinsalela namathempeli - wonke umlando waseShayina ababengawuthola.
Kodwa lapho uSihlalo uMao efa eminyakeni eyi-10 kamuva, i-Cultural Revolution kanye nokuhlaselwa emlandweni kwafa naye. Kwase kuyisikhathi sokuthi iChina ibuyele ekuqaleni.
“Ngemva kweNguquko Yezamasiko, uhulumeni waseShayina, abantu, bafuna ngentshiseko umbono omusha, ngoba ifilosofi noma umcabango kaMao uye wabangela umonakalo omkhulu ezweni, kubantu.” Ngakho ubuConfucian bangena kalula, ukuze bavale igebe,” kusho uWang Tao.
"Futhi uMbusi waseZhou usephinde waduma, futhi abantu abaningi manje bakhuluma ngoMbusi waseZhou, ukukhulekelwa kokhokho, noma igunya elidala le-cosmos lezulu, ngendlela ethandeka kakhulu manje. Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi ikhombisa ukuguquka komphakathi."
UConfucius wazalwa kabusha njengokuzisiza
Isizathu esenza ukuthi la maqiniso alula asinde ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka ukuthi asize isizukulwane ngesizukulwane samaShayina ukuba aqonde imvelo nesiko elawabumba, futhi angalahlekelwa amakhanda awo, ngisho nalapho ebhekene noshintsho olukhulu emphakathini kanye nokukhetha okucishe kunqobe.
Kusuka komthengisi wakamuva, u-Confucius from the Heart ka-Yu Dan
Ngakho-ke uMbusi wakwaZhou noConfucius babuyele ezinyathelweni zabo. Imfashini yepolitiki futhi.
Akukapheli nenyanga uhulumeni waseShayina evule i-Confucius Institute endaweni ethile emhlabeni, ukuze kufundiswe ulimi namasiko futhi kusetshenziswe amandla athambile. Sezicishe zibe yinkulungwane emazweni angaphezu kuka-100.
Isizukulwane esisha sabaholi esithatha izintambo ngenyanga ezayo sifuna ukuhlonipha bonke okhokho baso, amakhomanisi namaConfucian.
Ngakho-ke, nje ukuphonsa itshe ukusuka ekomkhulu leqembu, isithombe sefilosofi yasendulo sigqolozela ngokuzolile. Futhi ndawana thize ezweni lemimoya, uMbusi wakwaZhou kufanele ukuthi uyamamatheka.
