Izindonga zazihloselwe ukuvikela izakhiwo kulokho ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi i-Acropolis, okungukuthi, lapho isigodlo saseTopkapı sikhona namuhla. Kukholakala ukuthi bebengamakhilomitha ayisithupha ubude nemibhoshongo engu-27; nokho, asinandlela yokwazi ukuthi mangaki amasango ezindongeni.
Isango elilula kunawo wonke liwukuvuleka kohlobo oluthile lwendawo ebiyelwe - udonga noma ucingo. Kungaba sobala kakhulu noma kuhlobise kakhulu njengeSango lemikhosi lakudala elaziwayo lika-Ishtar, isakhiwo esihle esakhiwa inkosi yaseBabiloni uNebukadinesari II ngo-575 BC. Ngokuqinisekile zonke izinqaba nemizi enezivikelo eziqinile zazinamasango ayengavulwa noma avalwe njengoba izimo zazivuma. Lapho indawo yokuhlala ikhula, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba nezindonga ezinkulu namasango amaningi. Isakhiwo esinjalo sasidinga isiphathimandla esiyinhloko esikwazi ukuyala izisebenzi ezidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezinjalo kanye nesizathu sokudala leso sivikelo. Ama-Palisades noma izindonga zezigxobo ezifana namaGreki asendulo namaRoma ezakhiwe zingahle zibe usizo ekuvikelweni kwesikhashana kumabutho amancane kodwa zazingeke zisize ngokumelene nebutho elikhulu lesitha.
Izindonga zakhiwe ukuvikela umphakathi
Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa izindonga zokuqala eByzantium kwakunesizathu esizwakalayo sokuziqinisa ukuze kuvikelwe umphakathi ochumayo owawucebe kwezohwebo phakathi koLwandle Olumnyama ne-Aegean. Kwakuyisiqalo senkathi yobuKristu, futhi izindonga zazihloselwe ukuvikela izakhiwo kulokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Acropolis, okungukuthi, lapho iTopkapı Palace ikhona namuhla. Kukholakala ukuthi bebengamakhilomitha ayisithupha ubude nemibhoshongo engu-27; nokho, asinandlela yokwazi ukuthi mangaki amasango ezindongeni. Ezinye zazo zaziyokwehlisela ezansi oLwandle LwaseMarmara, ezinye eceleni kwezwe futhi ezinye ohlangothini lweGolide Lophondo. Mhlawumbe ayisishiyagalolunye?
Imephu yaseConstantinople ngo-1422 ngu
Umdwebi wamabalazwe we-Florentine uCristoforo Buondelmonte.
Ngesikhathi iqoqo lesithathu lezindonga lakhiwa uTheodosius Omkhulu (r. 378-395), cishe zase zitholakala lapho sizibona khona namuhla. Kwakukhona amasango amakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye abekwe eduze kwezindonga futhi inqwaba yamasango angemuva ngezinye izikhathi ayeqokwa njengamasango ezempi kodwa ayengase asetshenziswe kuzimoto zendawo lapho idolobha lingekho ngaphansi kosongo lwesitha. Isango elibaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke, iSango Legolide, ekuqaleni lakhiwa njengekhothamo lemikhosi lapho ababusi abanqobile kanye nojenene bangena khona edolobheni. Yayinemibhoshongo emine futhi kungenzeka yayizimele ingaxhumene nezindonga zedolobha. Nokho uTheodosius II (r. 408-450), ekhathazekile ngokuwa kweRoma kumaVisigoth, wakhulisa izindonga ukuze aqukathe iSango Legolide, okungukuthi, cishe ikhilomitha ukusuka ezindongeni ezazakhiwe uMbusi uSeptimius Severus.
ISango Legolide lalinamakhothamo amathathu, elikhulu phakathi nezinhlangothi ezimbili ezincane. Amasango anegolide ayelawula ukuhamba nokuphuma kwezimoto edolobheni kuyilapho ingaphambili lekhothamo linezithombe eziqoshiwe nezingcwecwe ezimbili nhlangothi zombili. Uqwembe, oluhunyushwe lususelwa esiGrekini, lufundeka kanje:
“UTheodosius wahlobisa lezi zindawo ngemuva kokuwa kondlovukayiphikiswa. Waletha inkathi yegolide owakha isango ngegolide.
Izithombe ezibaziwe ezibaluleke kakhulu zazinombusi egibele inqola edonswa izindlovu ezine, kodwa kwakungaxoxwa ngawo. Esinye isiphakamiso ukuthi sibonisa uTheodosius ngemva kokunqoba uMaximus. Esinye isiphakamiso ukuthi sasimele uHeraclius ngemva kokunqoba kwakhe amaSassanians kanye nokuthola kwakhe i-True Cross ekhulwini lesikhombisa. Okwenzeka emfanekisweni akwaziwa kodwa ezinye izingcezu zesithombe esingaphambili se-façade manje zise-Istanbul Archaeological Museums. Isikhathi sokugcina leli khothamo lasetshenziselwa ukunqoba kwakungu-1261 lapho abaseByzantium bethatha kabusha leli dolobha emaButhweni Enkolo YaseLatin. Ngemva kwalokho kwavinjwa ukuze kungangeni muntu noma aphume edolobheni esuka lapho.
Kwamanye amasango ayisishiyagalombili amakhulu eTheodosian Walls esesiwabona ngamagama awo aseTurkey, iTopkapı ne-Edirnekapı kwakungamasango amabili abalulekile ekunqotshweni kwedolobha ngo-1453 nangemva kwalokho. Kwakuphambene neSango laseTopkapı lapho uSultan Mehmed II wayenetende lakhe ngesikhathi kuvinjezelwa idolobha nalapho kwabekwa khona inganono yakhe enkulu kunazo zonke. Ngokusho kwenganekwane kwakulapha lapho kwabulawa khona umbusi wokugcina waseByzantium. U-Edirnekapı ukhonjwe ngu-Alexander van Milligen encwadini yakhe yango-1899 ethi, "Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls of the City and Adjoining Historical Sites" njengesango usultan angena ngalo edolobheni ngemuva kokuwa, yize lokhu bekuphikiswana kusukela emithonjeni yakudala. ungasitsheli ukuthi yiliphi isango elasetshenziswa. Izifundiswa zanamuhla zithanda i-Topkapı noma i-Eğrikapı.
Izindonga zaseTheodosian zihlangana nezinye izindonga zaseByzantium ezehlela eHorn Golden. I-Eğrikapı itholakala lapho odongeni olwakhiwa ngekhulu leshumi nambili ngu-Emperor Manuel Comnenes. Empumalanga eduze nophondo Lwegolide kwakunezindonga zolwandle zedolobha. Kusengenzeka ukubona ezinye zazo zisamile ngisho nesakhiwo esinamakhothamo esasimi njengesango. Izindonga zolwandle zazingakhiwe kahle kakhulu kunezikaTheodosius ngoba abaseByzantium babengakholelwa ngempela ukuthi bangahlaselwa ngalolo hlangothi. Babenomuzwa wokuthi iketango ababelibeke ngaphesheya komnyango Wophondo Lwegolide ekhulwini lesishiyagalombili kanye nemisinga enamandla oLwandle LwaseMarmara yayizovimbela noma yikuphi ukuhlasela olwandle kwesitha kulolo hlangothi. Kumelwe ukuba kwakunamasango acishe abe ngu-20 ezindongeni zolwandle kanti elokugcina esifundeni sanamuhla saseSirkeci kuyilelo lapho iketango elikhulu laligcinwe khona.
Isango le-Ishtar eBhabhiloni
Izindonga ngasohlangothini loLwandle LwaseMarmara zazinamasango ayi-13. Njengoba udonga lwalwakhiwe eduze kakhulu nolwandle, lwaluphephile uma kuqhathaniswa kunoma yisiphi isitha esasizama ukuhlasela ngasohlangothini lwezolwandle. Isango lokuqala ikakhulukazi, iSango laseMpumalanga, lasebenza njengesango lomkhosi ngekhulu leshumi nambili. Selokhu yanyamalala kusukela imabula emibhoshongweni emibili esemaceleni yabonakala ingenakuvinjwa futhi uSultan Mahmud II wayisebenzisa ukwakha iMarble Köşk eseduze. Amanye amasango aholela ezakhiweni ezisezindaweni zeSigodlo saseTopkapı noma asebenza njengendawo yokungena nokuphuma emachwebeni agudla iMarmara. Amasango okugcina ezindongeni yiSango leSamatya kanye neSango laseNarlı.
Amanye amasango e-Istanbul
IGalata, ngaphesheya nje kophondo Lwegolide, nayo yayizungezwe izindonga eziqinile. Ngokusho kwencwadi yakamuva kaNezih Başgelen ethi, “Galata-Pera”, izindonga eziyishumi nambili zazinamasango; nokho, akunakwenzeka ukwahlulela lokho ngemifanekiso ekule ncwajana. Namuhla kuphela iGalata Tower esele kanye nesango elaziwa ngokuthi i-Azapkapı.
Ezinye izinqaba ezinamasango zihlanganisa uRumeli Hisar, u-Anadolu Hisar kanye nenqaba yaseGenoese e-Anadolu Kavağı.
I-Topkapı Palace ikuligi yayo siqu ne-Imperial Gate yayo kanye neSango le-Felicity.
Amasango anamuhla ayisikhumbuzo awuhlobo oluhluke kakhulu njengoba umuntu engabona kalula esangweni lensimbi e-Dolmabahçe Palace kanye nezinye zezigodlo ezincane / izithabathaba ezifana ne-Ihlamur Kasrı.
I-HDN
