Izindlela zezakhiwo zaseTurkey

'I-Turkey: Izakhiwo zesimanjemanje emlandweni' ka-Sibel Bozdoğan no-Esra Akcan
Reaktion Books, 2012, 40TL, pp 344

Ukutadisha ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zesimanje zaseTurkey, ngomqondo othile, ukufunda umlando wesimanjemanje waseTurkey Republic. Yindaba yokuthi imibono ehluzekile, evumayo kanye neyemibono eqinile yachazwa kanjani kabusha futhi yalolongwa kabusha amandla amaphakathi yona wona ayewanike amandla. Le ncwadi ebhalwe ngokuhlanganyela, ebhalwe ochwepheshe ababili kulo mkhakha, yenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wokulandelela "iphrojekthi ethuthukayo yesimanjemanje" eTurkey ngokusebenzisa i-prism yezakhiwo zayo.

Ababhali bahlukanisa izakhiwo zesimanje zaseTurkey zibe izigaba ezintathu eziyisisekelo, esokuqala esifanekisela iRiphabhulikhi yaseKemalist yasekuqaleni, lapho ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwabonwa njengendlela ebalulekile yenkulumo kazwelonke yokuhlanganisa ikhefu elicacile nenkathi edlule engagunyaziwe. Uma kubhekwa ukulandisa kobuzwe okwafaka umkhuba wokwakha eminyakeni yokuqala ye-republic, mhlawumbe kuyinto eyindida ukuthi cishe bonke abaklami bezakhiwo ababaluleke kakhulu abasebenza eTurkey ngaleso sikhathi babengabezizwe. Omunye wababe nomthelela omkhulu kulaba kwakunguHermann Jansen owazalelwa eBerlin, owawina umncintiswano wamazwe omhlaba wokuklama kusukela ekuqaleni inhlokodolobha entsha i-Ankara. Njengezinhlelo eziningi zasemadolobheni ngaleso sikhathi, i-Jansen yayiwuhlelo olunezifiso noluhlelekile lokuhlukanisa i-Ankara ibe yizindawo eziklanywe ngokuqinile nangokunengqondo. Nokho, nakuba iminonjana yalo mbono wedolobha isekhona, ukuvakashela inhloko-dolobha esabalele futhi enesiphithiphithi namuhla kuwukuthola isifundo esizuzisayo sokuthi isuke kude kangakanani nemigomo ye-utopian-rationalist yabasunguli bayo besimanje, (ngalo mqondo, I-Ankara cishe ingaba uphawu lweRiphabhulikhi yaseTurkey ngokwayo).

Isigaba sesibili saseTurkey yanamuhla, sangemva kweWWII sabona ukukhula konxiwankulu okusheshayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, ukushintshela okhethweni lwamaqembu amaningi, kanye nokuqina kwemigomo yezwe le-Cold War. Kwaba isikhathi sokubunjwa kabusha kwezindawo zamadolobha, ukubhidlizwa kwezindlu eziningi, amaphrojekthi amasha wokwakha, kanye nokukhula kwamadolobha ngokushesha. Ngenxa yokungabikho kokuhlelela okwanele kwalokhu kwakamuva - ngendlela yokwakhiwa kwezindlu eziningi zabafuduki abasha - imiphumela yokuqala yombhalo wokuthuthuka kwedolobha kwakuyizindawo zemijondolo “zegecekondu” ezazakhela yona ezanda kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu. Kamuva, lawa kancane kancane athathelwa indawo indawo ephakeme engaziwa “yokwakha nokuthengisa” amafulethi ajwayeleke kakhulu eTurkey namuhla. Uma kucatshangelwa le nqubo, le ncwadi inhle kakhulu ekuphikiseni ngempumelelo abaklami bezakhiwo kanye nabahleli bedolobha okwagcina kufakwe ukuchuma kwedolobha: “Amadolobha omhlaba wonke ngasekupheleni kwekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili aphonsele inselelo umbono wesimanje wokuthi ukukhula kwedolobha kungahlelwa noma kubikezelwe ... [Ba] okuthonywe ngokukhethekile ukwanda kwezakhiwo ezingaziwa nezingenagama, okubuye kuqede umklami ongumklami wezakhiwo.” Ngakho-ke ingxenye yesibili yekhulu lamashumi amabili yafakaza “ngokuqedwa kwezwi lomdwebi wezakhiwo nokulawula amadolobha aseTurkey” – uguquko olumangalisayo lapho lubhekwa ngokumelene nemibono ye-utopian yabaklami bakuqala be-republic.

Isigaba sesithathu esihlonzwe yile ncwadi sibonakala ngokuzibandakanya kweTurkey kwangemva kweminyaka yawo-1980 nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye nokuzibophezela kwayo okuvuselelwe kuzinqubomgomo zezomnotho ze-neo-liberal. Ababhali bayazabalaza ukufihla ukudumala kwabo ngomthelela lezi zinto ezibe nawo ekuthambekeni kwezakhiwo, futhi balahle iphimbo lepolitiki elicwaningiwe elamukelwa ngaphambilini. Ngokwenza lokhu, bona (ngokuqaphela noma cha) balandela indlela ephambene naleyo yomsebenzi wezokwakha waseTurkey, wona ngokwawo owawuhileleke kakhulu kwezombangazwe ezihlakazekile zama-1960s kanye nama-70s kodwa ziye zancipha kakhulu kusukela ngo-1980. Le ncwadi igcizelela ukuthi abaklami baseTurkey baseTurkey kule minyaka engama-30 edlule bazibandakanye ngokugcwele nokuthambekela okubusayo kwe-postmodernist emhlabeni jikelele, besuka ekuqondeni kwendabuko kobaba kwe-Kemalist yesimanjemanje. Umsebenzi wabo awusachazwa ngamatshe esikhumbuzo amakhulu futhi angokomfanekiso kuhulumeni, kodwa kunalokho uchazwa ngamaphrojekthi angaphakathi kwedolobha, izindawo zokuthenga ezintsha, kanye "nesiteji" sokuthuthukiswa kwezindlu zangaphandle kwedolobha. Lokhu akungabazeki ukuthi kuyiqiniso, kodwa ngingathanda futhi ukuzwa ukuthi ababhali bathini ngezinhlelo zikahulumeni wamanje zokwakha ama-mosque amasha amakhulu ezindaweni ezingokomfanekiso zase-Istanbul njengeTaksim Square kanye ne-Çamlıca Hill. Amaphrojekthi anjalo abonakala engaphansi kokubonakaliswa kwe-orthodoxy yombuso evelele kunezikhumbuzo ze-republic yase-Kemalist endala - umehluko kuphela ukuthi incazelo yalesi simo ishintshile.

Ekugcineni, lena incwadi enhle eyenza indaba yezakhiwo zesimanje zaseTurkey (mhlawumbe ngokungalindelekile) ihehe. Nakuba ihloselwe uchwepheshe, ihlala ngokujabulisayo ingenayo i-jargon futhi inganconywa kunoma ubani onentshisekelo enempilo kumlando wesimanje waseTurkey. Noma kunjalo, uma wabelana ngokuzwelana nabashisekeli bezepolitiki ababhali akuyona indaba ejabulisa kakhulu.