Nakuba i-populism idlangile eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, futhi manje neBrazil, nayo iyazuza eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Abaholi besifunda abancike ngokuzimela—labo asebevele babusa nalabo abazama ukuzuza amandla—basebenzisa amasu afanayo: ukuzibeka njengabantu bangaphandle abangaxazulula izinkinga lapho abantu abaphakeme behlulekile, benikeza izindlela ezinonya ezenzweni zobugebengu, futhi baqondise amaqembu asengozini emiphakathini. . Ekugcineni, lezi zenzo zibukela phansi intando yeningi.
IPhilippines kanye neThailand, amazwe amabili kwezomnotho amakhulu kulesi sifunda, asenabaholi abalandela intando yeningi, kanti eyesithathu, i-Indonesia, ingase iphathwe ngomunye ngemuva kokhetho lukamongameli ngonyaka ozayo. Ukuvela kobuzwe obunjalo kungase kucekele phansi intando yeningi nokuzinza esifundeni ebese sikhula ngokukhululeka kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi edlule.
Indlela I-Southeast Asian Populism ehluke ngayo
Ama-populists aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ahluka ngezindlela eziningi kozakwabo baseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Abagxili kakhulu ekufudukeni, ekuwohlokeni komnotho, nasekuhwebeni. ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, amazinga okukhula komnotho ahlala eqinile uma kuqhathaniswa; amazwe amaningi athembele kakhulu kwezohwebo; futhi ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe akuyona indaba ehamba phambili yezombangazwe. I-Philippines iwumthombo oyinhloko wabafuduki, nge elinye lamaphesenti aphezulu wezakhamizi ezisebenza phesheya kwanoma yiliphi izwe.
Esikhundleni salokho, abalandeli be-Southeast Asian populists bagxile ekubhebhezeleni ukuhlukana ngokwenkolo nobuzwe, ukulwa nokushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, ikakhulukazi ama-methamphetamine, kanye nokuheha izigaba ezisebenzayo neziphansi. Izigaba ezisezingeni eliphansi, ikakhulukazi, zikhungathekile ngentando yeningi ngoba zikholelwa ukuthi osopolitiki bentando yeningi abazange babhekane nokungalingani, babhekane nobugebengu, noma balethe izinsiza zombuso eziphumelelayo.
Ngemva kokuthola amandla, abantu base-Southeast Asian populists kaningi baye bathutha babukela phansi izikhungo nezinkambiso zentando yeningi, emazweni lapho amaqembu ezepolitiki endabuko engazange abe yizigcawu zokubusa kwentando yeningi. Nakuba intando yeningi ibilokhu ithuthuka kancane kancane esifundeni, yayibuthakathaka kunaseYurophu noma eNyakatho Melika, nangaphambi kokuvela kwamandla omphakathi. Amaqembu ezepolitiki aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ayevame ukubuswa ukuthengwa kwamakhasimende kanye i-neopatrimonialism, lapho amaqembu alawulwa umuntu oyedwa noma umndeni.
Ubuthakathaka bamaqembu ezombusazwe amisiwe esifundeni kwenza kube lula nakakhulu kubalandeli bakhona ukuba bathuthuke—ukubusa amaqembu endabuko, ukunqoba izikhungo zombuso, bese bezihlukumeza. Okuphawuleka kakhulu, selokhu akhethwa ngo-2016, uMongameli wasePhilippine uRodrigo Duterte usenakho amasheke acekeleke phansi amandla kanye nodlame olugunyazwe ngezinga elikhulu kunabaholi be-populist emazweni afana ne-Hungary noma i-Poland. Uye wengamela a impi yezidakamizwa enonya esesibulale okungenani abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili kuze kube manje, kaningi ngokubulala abantu ngaphandle kwenkantolo, ngokusho kweHuman Rights Watch.
Ukukhalaza Kwamakilasi Aphakathi
Nakuba izigaba ezimaphakathi ezimakethe ezisafufusa kwake zacatshangelwa njengezinsika zentando yeningi, eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, kokubili izigaba eziphansi neziphezulu ezimaphakathi ziye zanda kakhulu zisekela amadoda aqinile. NjengoRichard Javad Heydarian, uchwepheshe weDuterte, amanothi, “Isikhalo salabo abathanda ukubusa nabantu abanamandla kulawa mazwe sisekhonweni labo elimangalisayo lokubhekana nokukhungatheka okuhlangene—ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezigaba ezimaphakathi—ngenxa yokungasebenzi kwezikhungo zombuso ukwamukela amazwi amasha nokuhlinzeka ngezimpahla nezinkonzo eziyisisekelo.” ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, izigaba ezimaphakathi ezifundazweni eziningi ziye kubi ngentando yeningi cishe iminyaka eyishumi, njengoba ngaphawula encwadini ngo-2013.
Izigaba eziphezulu naphakathi nendawo eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, nazo, azijabuli ngentando yeningi, kodwa kunokungezwani kwezinye zalezi zigaba mayelana nendlela eya emandleni. Lapho amakilasi acebile efuna ushintsho lobuholi, ngokuvamile asekela amadoda aqinile, njengababusi bezempi, abazinikele ekulondolozeni ukungalingani kanye nama-elite amisiwe. Lapho abalandeli be-autocratic populists bewina ukhetho eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, izigaba eziphezulu naphakathi nendawo zivame ukulwa ngokuxosha abantu isibhamu or ama-de facto coups, emazweni anjengeThailand nePhilippines.
Ngaphezu kwePhilippines, kunamanye amazwe amathathu aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia okufanele abheke ukwanda kwe-populism encike ku-autocratic. I-Thailand neMyanmar inomlando omude wokubusa ngokuzimela, kanye nokwehlukana kwezifunda nezinhlanga, kanye nemibono ekhulayo yomphakathi yokuthi intando yeningi ayizange ilethe inqubekelaphambili. I-Indonesia, esinye sezibonelo ezivelele zentando yeningi kule minyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, ibambe ukhetho lukamongameli ngo-Ephreli 2019, lapho lowo osesikhundleni ezobhekana khona nenselelo enkulu yabantu abaningi. Okulandelayo kuhlola izinsongo nezinselelo ezweni ngalinye:
Thailand. UThaksin Shinawatra othanda intando yeningi wabusa kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2006, evala isikhala esisele ngemuva kwenkinga yezimali yase-Asia yango-1997 kanye nokwehluleka kwamaqembu asungulwe ukubhekana nokungalingani. Waletha okukhulu izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle kodwa wabuye wengamela nezakhe impi yezidakamizwa enonya kanye nokuhlaselwa kwezikhungo ngendlela kaDuterte. Ngemva kokuketula umbuso ngo-2006—isibonelo sabantu besigaba esiphakathi nabaphezulu abaphendula abalandeli be-populists ngamasu alimaza kakhulu intando yeningi—amaqembu asekela uThaksin aphinde awina ukhetho, nakuba ayengenabo ubushiqela kunoThaksin ngokwakhe.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yohulumeni abasekela uThaksin, ukuketulwa umbuso ngo-2014 kwabeka amasosha amandla futhi kwenza isimo sezombusazwe saba nengcindezi nakakhulu. Uma ukhetho oluhlelelwe u-2019 empeleni lukhululekile futhi lulungile-umbuzo ovulekile, uma kubhekwa amandla ebutho kanye nesifiso sawo sokubona favoured party win-Iphathi kaThaksin, esadumile, inganqoba, ibuyisele iThailand ezandleni zabantu abaningi.
Myanmar. Uhulumeni wezakhamuzi ngaphansi kuka-Aung San Suu Kyi awuzange uzilandele izithembiso zokushintsha isimo sezombusazwe. Umbutho wezempi usengumlingisi onamandla kunabo bonke, futhi uSuu Kyi akenzanga lutho ukuvimba lokho abaphenyi be-UN abanakho okuthiwa yi-genocide esifundeni saseRakhine entshonalanga yeMyanmar. Izinhlanga ezincane zingase zihlubuke eqenjini elibusayo likaSuu Kyi, iNational League for Democracy (NLD) okhethweni lukazwelonke oluzayo, olulindeleke ngo-2020.
Ukungabekezelelani okukhulayo, iminyaka yobudlova obubhekiswe kuRohingya kanye ezinye ezincane, kanye nokwehluleka kwe-NLD ukuqinisa intando yeningi noma ukulwa nokungalingani ingahlahla indlela yokuthi umholi wezempi ehle ebuthweni futhi ethule umkhankaso wobuzwe ogxile kuhulumeni wentando yeningi. Umkhankaso onjalo ungase usekelwe abanye abasembuthweni wezempi noma izikhulu zezempi esezithathe umhlalaphansi—ofana nokaMongameli osanda kukhethwa waseBrazil uJair Bolsonaro—futhi uqhubekisele phambili intukuthelo kubantu abambalwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu base-Indonesia baye bakhathazeka kakhulu ngokwehla kwemali yabo; ukudayiswa okwengeziwe kungase kuphakamise imibuzo mayelana nemininingwane yezomnotho yokuphatha kukaMongameli Joko Widodo futhi kukhulise ukwesaba kokuwohloka komnotho. Nakuba umongameli, owaziwa ngelikaJokowi, eneqembu elinolwazi labeluleki bezomnotho futhi i-Indonesia isesimweni esingcono somnotho kunamanye amazwe asathuthuka, ukushelela kwemali kuye kwaba ngcono. ecindezelekile amazinga okutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe kumabhondi ase-Indonesia kulo nyaka futhi anyakazisa ukuthembela kwabatshalizimali emnothweni.
Ozohlomula kwezombangazwe kuzoba ngumphikisi kaJokowi, owayenguLieutenant General Prabowo Subianto, amhlulile okhethweni lokugcina lukamongameli. Esikhathini esidlule, uPrabowo uye wahlasela abantu abambalwa ngamazwi, njengesiShayina sohlanga lwase-Indonesia, futhi senzile kwakubonakala kungenasithakazelo ekugcineni izisekelo zentando yeningi.
Ukwesaba Intando Yeningi
Esifundeni lapho intando yeningi ine kuhlehlisiwe eminyakeni yamuva nje—ngaphandle kwaseMalaysia—ukwanda kwabantu abagxile kuhulumeni wentando yeningi e-Indonesia kungaba isithiyo esikhulu kunazo zonke. Uma abantu abanjalo bethatha izintambo, njengoba iPhilippines neThailand bebonisile, abamelene nabo bavame ukuphendula ngezenzo zabo zengcindezelo, njengemizamo yokuketula umbuso. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo ononya ongangcwaba intando yeningi unomphela.
nguJoshua Kurlanzick
