Ubukoloni kusukela empandeni kusho ukufuna ukuchuma, ukuchuma ngokuzithandela. Ngokwepolitiki, ukubusa kwezwe elinamandla phezu kwezwe elibuthaka ukuze kusetshenziswe imithombo yemvelo nengcebo yezwe ngaphansi kwesizathu sokudala ukuchuma.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezepolitiki kwegama elithi colonialism kubhekiselwa ngqo ezindleleni zokuziphatha ngokugunyazayo zamazwe anekhono kwezombusazwe, njengamazwe athile aseNtshonalanga anezindawo ezincikene. Ubukoloni ngokuvamile buwumsebenzi wamazwe imibuso yawo yasolwandle kanye nokungalungi kwenhlabathi okuvimbela ukwakheka kweyunithi yezombangazwe edidiyelwe, njengemibuso yezwe.
Umqondo we-colonialism namuhla uxhumene ngokugcwele nomqondo we-imperialism, futhi i-colonialism empeleni ingumsebenzi wamandla ama-imperialism, amandla afuna ukuhlasela imingcele yawo yezwe kanye nezinhlanga futhi abuse amanye amazwe, izizwe kanye nezinhlanga.
Nakuba ubukoloni bunomlando wasendulo, umlando womqondo wawo omusha uqala ngekhulu le-16 nele-17. Umlando wobukoloniyali kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ungahlukaniswa ube yizinkathi ezine, izinkathi ezintathu zokuqala, ezaziwa ngokuhlanganyela ngokuthi ubukoloni basendulo, kanye nenkathi yesine. yaziwa ngokuthi i-colonialism entsha.
Ikoloni Yasendulo yisikhathi sokuqala sokubusa kwamakoloni emhlabeni. Umlando wobukoloniyali uqala ngokuhlasela kwamaFenike ogwini lweMedithera.
Isikhathi sesibili sobukoloni emhlabeni wonke kwenzeka ngekhulu le-15 nele-16 Amakoloni ase-Italy aqeda inkathi yomlando wamakoloni, isikhungo esasiphakathi kwawo kwakuyiMedithera, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi umlando wobukoloni uye waba se-axis ye-atlantic-Indian, kwase kuba i-Pacific Ocean. Kusuka kulesi sikhathi lapho ithonya laseYurophu lisakazeka khona emhlabeni ongewona owaseYurophu. Ukutholakala kwezwekazi lase-United States kwashukumisela ohulumeni abakhulu baseYurophu (iSpain, iPortugal, iFrance, iNgilandi, neNetherlands) ukuba bashaqe izindawo ezisanda kutholwa zaleli zwekazi, kwaqala ngokubusa kwamakoloni okusha kanye nokwakhiwa kombuso omusha.
Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi kuqhubeke, i-France, i-England ne-Netherlands yangena emkhakheni ilandela i-Spain ne-Portugal, ihlinzeka ngamakoloni amaningana kanye nemakethe yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano eNyakatho Melika, e-West Indies, Ogwini lwase-Afrika nase-Asia.
Ngemva kwaleyo nkathi, kwaqala izimpi zamakoloni, futhi izimpi eziningana phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu zaholela ekubunjweni kwamakoloni. INgilandi yalwela ukuthatha ukuhweba emabhange ase-Afrika naseNdiya neFrance, futhi ekugcineni, amakoloni aseFrance ezifundeni okuningi afakwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwe-UK. Ikhulu le-17 kwakuyinkathi yokukhula ngesivinini kwezombusazwe zamakholoni, futhi izici ezimbili zadlala indima enkulu futhi ewujuqu ekunqobeni kombuso wamakoloni, enye yayingamandla ombutho wezempi wasolwandle ukucekela phansi izimbangi, kanti enye, ukukhiqiza noma ukuhlinzeka ngezimpahla zezimboni ezizozithwala. amakoloni ngomkhumbi. ISpain yekhulu le-17 yayingenakho kokubili, futhi iNetherlands ayizange iqhudelane neFrance neNgilandi, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ohulumeni ababili baba izifundazwe ezivelele zamakoloni. Lesi sikhathi somlando wamakoloni saphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18.
Isikhathi samakholoni sesithathu emhlabeni, kwaqala ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20 ngokukhula kohwebo kwezomnotho kwaholela ekuguqukeni kwezezimboni futhi kwaguqula izisekelo zezomnotho nezombusazwe zamazwe obukoloni, nokuxhashazwa kwemithombo yamakoloni kwanda kakhulu, futhi le mihlaba yaba imithombo yempahla eluhlaza. izimboni zamazwe athuthukile kanye nezimakethe zemikhiqizo yazo. Inkathi yokuvukela kwaseYurophu yayihambisana negagasi lenkululeko yamakoloni. I-United States of America (izwe elaliyikoloni laseBrithani eNyakatho Melika) yahola, yalandelwa imibhikisho nezinhlangano zenkululeko eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu, eyayicekele phansi ukubusa kweSpain nePortugal.
Iminyaka yokuqala yekhulu le-19 yayihambisana nokuthuthukiswa kwamakoloni aseBrithani eCanada kanye nokwakhiwa kwamakoloni amasha e-Australia, eNingizimu Afrika naseNew Zealand. Ukufuduka okukhulu okwenzeka maphakathi naleli khulu leminyaka kanye nesidingo esikhulayo se-Industrial England sokudla kanye nezinto ezingavuthiwe kwenza la makoloni aba umbuso omkhulu ohulumeni bawo ababezimele kancane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amabhizinisi aseBrithani athuthukisa ukwengamela kukahulumeni izindawo ezishisayo futhi asungula “amakoloni angaphansi” ngaphansi kokuqondisa nokuphathwa koMnyango Wezamazwe WaseBrithani.
iMelika; Ikoloni yona ngokwayo eyaba ikoloni engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu le-19, yaphinde yavuka ngenxa yokukhula kwezimboni nobunxiwankulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ububanzi bethonya lamaFulentshi eNyakatho Afrika bandiswa, futhi lohulumeni wabusa futhi waqondisa izingxenye ezinkulu zaseNyakatho Afrika. Kancane kancane, ukuhlukaniswa kwamazwe ase-Afrika phakathi kwezifunda zamakholoni kwaba yinsakavukela, futhi ekugcineni, izinhlobo ezintsha zamakoloni zatholakala njengabavikeli kanye nemikhakha yethonya. Ukungqubuzana kweziQhingi zasePacific kanye nokusungulwa kwezindawo zokuhwebelana eChina, okwakuhambisana nezenzakalo zakamuva, kwenza i-United States yaba izwe elisha lamakoloni endaweni yezingxabano zamakholoni. IMpi Yezwe I yalinganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamakoloni, kuyilapho yengeza uhlobo olusha lwekoloni ezinhlotsheni zangaphambili, “okwakuyizwe elingaphansi kokuqondisa. “Ukuvela kokunyakaza kwezizwe e-Asia nase-Afrika, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kwaqeda ukubusa kwamakoloni eYurophu ezindaweni eziningi zalamazwekazi amabili, futhi namuhla, ngaphandle kwezifunda ezimbalwa ezincane kula mazwekazi amabili, alikho ikoloni ezweni. umqondo wayo omdala.
Ubukoloni obusha umqondo osetshenziswa ngezindlela okuthi, emva kwesikhathi esidala sobukoloni, usetshenziselwe ukubusa amazwe ngokwezomnotho nakwezepolitiki.
Kanye nentuthuko yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II kanye nokuphikwa kokuthi kungenzeka amazwe abuse amakoloni ngokuqondile nangobukoloni, kwasetshenziswa izinqubomgomo ezintsha ngaphansi kwesihloko sobukoloni obusha, futhi imikhuba yakudala yamakholoni yaphela. Lokhu kubandakanya izindlela ezifana nokukhiqizwa okukodwa kwamazwe Omhlaba Wesithathu, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe ngamazwe acebile, njll.
Ukungena emicabangweni emisha yezenhlalakahle, ezomnotho kanye nezombusazwe ezifundeni Ikoloni kanye nokwanda kwezinhlangano ezimelene namakholoni kwakuyizici ezibalulekile ekuqedeni ubukoloni bendabuko. I-colonialism yasendulo, ngemva kokuphuma kwamabutho ayo ezempi kanye nama-ejenti aziwayo avela emakoloni, aletha izithakazelo zawo kulezi zindawo ngokuletha abazwelana basekhaya ekuhlinzekeni.
Ukukhula komnotho wonxiwankulu kanye nokuthunyelwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe ukuze kuxhashazwe izinsiza zakwamanye amazwe kulethe ubudlelwano bezomnotho bamazwe athuthukile ngokwezimboni esigabeni esisha namazwe amancane, ukuze amazwe anezimboni, ngokuthumela izimali eziphuma kwamanye amazwe kanye nenqubo yokubiza amanani emhlabeni jikelele. ukuhwebelana kwempahla eluhlaza ngezimpahla ezenziwe kanye nezingcindezi zezombangazwe nezomnotho, kuxhashazwa amazwe akhula kancane, futhi lobu budlelwano buthathe isihloko esithi “neocolonialism” (neocolonialism) futhi abaningi basebenzise amathuba emazweni akhula kancane. Kuvuse amazwe amancane nasanda kukhululeka ukuthi alwe nalolu hlobo lobudlelwano bezepolitiki nezomnotho.
Indlela “ye-neo-colonial” ibangela ukuthi amazwe abuthaka ahlale noma abuye ngisho ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula komnotho, naphezu kokuzimela kwawo kwangempela noma kwangaphandle kwezombusazwe, futhi ngokuphambene, amazwe athuthukile enza inzuzo enkulu ngokusebenzisa izinsiza zawo nangokuhwebelana kwezomnotho.
Ubukoloni bazalelwa emazweni asentshonalanga, kodwa lo mntwana oyinyumba naye wakhulela emazweni aseMpumalanga. Ukuba khona kwamakoloni eMpumalanga Ephakathi kwakubangelwa izingcezwana ezithambile nezinamafutha zemithombo yemvelo, ezingazange zenze ukuba kubanjwe impi eqinile ye-Colonialism-hyenas kulezi zifunda.
I-United States emgqeni ongaphambili kanye ne-United Kingdom ngemuva kokwenziwa ikoloni kwesifunda, ngokuhlola ukuthi i-United Kingdom ikhona kanjani esifundeni futhi ikhomba ukunyakaza kwayo ngezikhathi ezahlukene, ingaklanywa isu elijwayelekile nelinamandla lokulwa nokunyakaza kwamakholoni, futhi kuze kube manje, ukunaka okukhulu nokunembile kuleli phuzu. ikholelwa ukuthi intshisekelo yeNgilandi ekubuseni kwesifunda ayizange inciphe nje kuphela, kodwa ikoloniyalist endala yayilungiselele izinhlelo ezintsha zokubusa okukhulu kwesifunda. Leli zwe okwamanje lise-Iraq kanye ne-Afghanistan ekhona, seliphendule amehlo ahahayo kwamanye amazwe akhululekile esifundeni futhi lizama ukuwabhubhisa.
Yiqiniso, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kulo mdlalo omusha, i-England idlala indima enkulu yomzila futhi ngemuva kwesigameko, futhi iMelika iyiphuzu lokuhlasela nesihlangu sesishayo saseNgilandi, Njengoba izinhlelo ezintsha ziba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ivaliwe, ihoxa ngekhono, ishiya i-United States yodwa phakathi nezinkinga naphakathi kwezitha zayo.
Ngesitayela esisha sobukoloniyali kusukela ekuvukeni nasekuguqukeni okuzenzakalelayo kwezizwe ezifanele, Basebenzisa ithuba lomoya bese bashaqa impumelelo yezinhlangano zabo zoguquko ukuze bazuze bona. Ngakho-ke, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukunyakaza kwezwe kuye kwasekelwa yi-imperialism yaseNtshonalanga futhi yaphambuka kuyo yonke inkambo yenguquko.
Lolu wuhlobo olusha kakhulu lobukholoniyali olufaka amagalelo abuthakathaka emzimbeni wezinsiza zabantu kanye nesiphetho sezepolitiki sohulumeni abasha ngemuva kwenguquko. Eqinisweni, upopayi uzongena emandleni nangenxa yokungayinaki kwabantu inkundla, nangezandla zabo, bese kunqunywa isiphetho esibi kakhulu sezwe okuhlosiwe. Ukugqoka umfaniswano wokuvikela nokwenza sengathi uvikela izimfuno zabantu kuwumsebenzi wamakoloni amasha.
