Ubuciko bamaSulumane buyahlukahluka kakhulu ku-Western Art ngenxa yemikhawulo yeKoran ekuboniseni isimo somuntu. Kunokuba kube ukumelela umhlaba ongcolile, ukuphelela kobuciko be-Ottoman kulele ekulinganiseni okumsulwa kombala, umugqa nesigqi kumaphethini wejometri nemiklamo.
Ezobuciko base-Ottoman, i-Calligraphy yayibaluleke kakhulu. Izinto ezivamile njengemibiko yentela, amatayitela ezakhiwo kanye nemithetho yombuso yaba imisebenzi yobuciko emihle kakhulu. Lokhu kukhombisa ngokufanele ukubusa kombuso, nokucindezeleka kwawo ekubhaleni nasekubhaliseni. Ama-calligrapher aseTurkey abe nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kwezitayela ezintsha nezihlotshiswe kakhulu ze-calligraphy. I-sultan ngayinye yayine-monogram yayo embhalweni wesitayela, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Tugra. USultan Ahmet III kanye noSultan Bayezit II babengabadwebi be-calligrapher abanekhono. Ngo-1928 i-Ataturk yethula i-alfabhethi yesiLatini, izwakalisa ukufa kobuciko be-calligraphy yesi-Arabhu eTurkey. Imisebenzi eminingi emikhulukazi ilondolozwe ezinqolobaneni ezibanzi zase-Ottoman futhi ingabonwa eTopkapi Palace nase-Ibrahim Pasha Museum (Imnyuziyamu Yobuciko BaseTurkey nobuSulumane).
Iphepha le-Marbled noma elithi "Ebru" liyifomu lobuciko elakhiwa eTurkey ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu. Amadayi amaminerali nemifino afafazwa emanzini axutshwe ne-gum kanye ne-gall fluid yezinkomo, lapho kubekwa khona iphepha, okwenza amaphethini ayingqayizivele futhi angenakuphindwa. Ngokwesiko, leli phepha lalisetshenziselwa imingcele yamaphaneli nama-miniatures ase-Ottoman, kanye nesembozo sangaphakathi namahlamvu ezincwadi. Namuhla iphepha lemabula elikhiqizwa ngobuningi lisetshenziselwa lezi zinhloso, nakuba ubuciko bokumabula busaqhubeka.
I-Meerschaum (Lületasi) iyinto yamaminerali etholakala kuphela eTurkey, lapho amapayipi kanye nemihlobiso eqoshwe ngesandla kusukela ngawo-1700. I-Meerschaum, ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile, akuyona izinsalela zezidalwa zasolwandle, kodwa i-mineral: Hydrous Magnesium Silicate. , itholakala ukusuka kumamitha angu-30 kuya kwangu-450 ngaphansi kobuso bomhlaba eduze kwedolobha lase-Eskisehir. Okuqukethwe kwe-magnesium ye-Meerschaum kunikeza amandla kuyilapho i-hydrogen ne-oksijini kufaka i-porosity. Njengenye yezinto zemvelo ezilula kakhulu nezinezimbotshana, i-Meerschaum iyisihlungi semvelo. Lokhu kumunca okungokwemvelo kubangela ukuba ipayipi lishintshe kancane umbala, ligcine lishintsha umbala onsundu onothile, lihlunge i-nicotine. Njengoba ambalwa amaTurks abhema amapayipi, enzelwe ikakhulukazi ukuthekelisa.
Ngaphansi kweByzantines iConstantinople (i-Istanbul) yacishe yaqothuka yathola isamba esikhulu sikasilika eChina ngomzila kasilika, owawudingeka ukuze kukhiqizwe inqwaba yezingubo zenkolo nemihlobiso. Ekhulwini lesithupha, amaqanda amaningana emibungu kasilika ayeqashwe ngokucophelela antshontshwa izindela ezimbili zaseRussia futhi alethwa eConstantinople. Ukwenza usilika ngokushesha kwaba imboni enkulu, egxile eBursa, futhi yazuzwa ama-Ottomans lapho ethatha indawo yamaByzantines. Namuhla, iBursa iseyisikhungo esibalulekile sezindwangu, esidume ngamasu ayo odayi kasawoti.
Ubuciko bokufekethiswa cishe bahamba entshonalanga nabazukulu baseTurkey abavela emazweni abo ase-Asia Ephakathi. Yayisetshenziswa kakhulu; impahla yezempi yamasosha aseSelcuk ne-Ottoman yayihlanganisa amatende, amapheshana, amabhanela, amahhashi kanye namaholster ahlotshiswe ngokucebile ngezithombe nezigcawu zempi, eziningi zazo ezigcinwe eMnyuziyamu Wezempi eHarbiye, e-Istanbul. Izilenge zenkolo zama-mosque, okhaphethi bomthandazo kanye namacala eKoranic ayembozwe ngamaphethini ezimbali amahle ngemibala ethambile ehlanganiswe nesiliva negolide. Izinto eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke, njengamathawula, izingubo zombhede kanye namaveli ayehlotshiswe ngokufanayo. Enkantolo Yase-Ottoman, amabhrokha kasilika namavelvethi ayenemininingwane ngezinhloso zemikhosi, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa imicu yegolide noma yesiliva kuvelivethi onsomi. Imiklamo yokufekethiswa yayisekelwe kumaphethini ejiyomethri nezimbali ezisetshenziswa kuma-ceramics nosilika olulukiweyo, nakuba imihlobiso nezitayela kwakuhlukahluka emzaneni ngedolobhana. Kodwa ukuklama kwe-tulip kwakuhlale kunendawo ekhethekile enhliziyweni yabantu. Eminye imifekethiso yayithengiswa ezindaweni zokusebenzela lapho amadoda nabesifazane abathile abangamaKristu besebenza khona, kodwa izinga kanye nokuqala kwalo msebenzi kwakungaphansi kancane. Abesifazane bezindlu zabesifazane bakhiqiza umsebenzi oncomekayo wokulobola kwabo (Çeyiz) noma ama-trousseaux kanye nokuhlobisa amagumbi abo omakoti ngobusuku babo bomshado. Lolu hlobo lobuciko lwafinyelela umvuthwandaba walo wobuciko ngekhulu le-16 futhi laphinde lavuselelwa eminyakeni eyi-100 edlule ngokusungulwa kwezikole ze-Girls Technical lapho lisafundiswa khona. Izibonelo eziningi ezinhle kakhulu zingabonakala kuMnyuziyamu weTopkapi kanye neSadberk Hanim Museum eSariyer - Istanbul, noma ithengwe eGrand Bazaar.
Njengemisebenzi yezandla yendabuko yonke indawo, ukufekethisa kubulawa ubuchwepheshe obushibhile. Kodwa-ke, ogogo abaningi basasebenzisa isikhathi sabo behlobisa izingubo zombhede nezingubo zabazukulu babo. I-Black Sea resort yaseSile igxile ekukhiqizeni izingubo zikakotini ezifekethisiwe, amathawula nezindwangu zetafula.
Umdwebo waseTurkey ngomqondo osentshonalanga waqala kuphela ngekhulu le-19, ngokusungulwa ngu-Osman Hamdi Bey, naye ongumdwebi ophumelele, we-Academy of Fine Arts. Abadwebi baseTurkey bathunyelwa eFrance nase-Italy yiSultan, futhi abadwebi bangaphandle, ikakhulukazi amaNtaliyane, balethwa bevela eYurophu ukuze badlulisele amakhono abo. Namuhla lesi sikole saziwa ngeMimar Sinan University.
I-Ottoman Art yayihlanganisa ikakhulukazi amafomu endabuko achazwe ngenhla, ngaphandle kwe-Turkish Miniatures. AmaSultan nezicukuthwane ezazisekela lobu buciko obuvame ukumelela, babegcina imidwebo yabo ukuze bayibukele ngasese, besaba intshiseko engokwenkolo yomphakathi. Abadwebi abancane bahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili; labo abadweba imidwebo yasendongeni nezimbali zokuhlobisa, kanye nenani elincane, abaningi babo ababengewona amaSulumane, abadweba izithombe, ukuvinjezelwa kanye nezigcawu zempi. Ama-miniatures aseTurkey awadumile njengamaPheresiya, nakuba ngokuvamile ehamba futhi enamandla, ngenxa ye-shades enamandla esetshenzisiwe kanye nokunaka okukhulu kwemininingwane.
Kwakungekhulu le-19 kuphela lapho inhlangano yokudweba yaseTurkey ngomqondo waseNtshonalanga yenzeka, yasungulwa u-Osman Hamdi Bey we-Academy of Fine Arts (manje eyi-Mimar Sinan University School of Fine Arts). AmaSultan aqala ukuletha abadwebi bakwamanye amazwe, iningi labo okwakungamaNtaliyane noma amaFulentshi, ukuba baphile njengabadwebi basenkantolo, futhi abadwebi baseTurkey bathunyelwa phesheya ukuze bayofunda kongcweti baseYurophu. Phakathi kwabaziwayo kakhulu kubadwebi bokuqala base-Ottoman kukhona u-Osman Hamdi Bey, u-Seker Ahmet Pasha, u-Hoca Ali Riza, u-Sevket Dag, u-Ahmet Ziya no-Halil Pasha. Ngokuyinhloko babengabadwebi bendawo, benezithombe ezimbalwa. Ngo-1919 i-Ottoman Society of Painters yabamba umbukiso wayo wokuqala e-Galatasaray - Istanbul. Ngemva kweMpi, i-impressionism yaba nethonya elikhulu kubadwebi baseTurkey. Umdwebi we-impressionist ophumelele kakhulu kwakunguHalil Pasha. Ukudweba kwaqhubeka nokuthuthuka phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amathathu namashumi amane, ngokugcizelela okukhulayo ekwakhiweni nasezihlokweni. Ukunyakaza kwe-abstract kanye ne-cubist kwakudumile eTurkey, abadwebi abaziwayo kakhulu kulolu hlobo nguSabri Berkel, uHalil Dikmen, uCemal Bingöl kanye no-Semsettin Arel. Amaciko anamuhla aseTurkey awasaboshiwe esihlokweni noma ekwakhiweni kwawo ngokwedlule, futhi anhlobonhlobo amasu nezindlela ezisetshenziswa abaculi abaningi abasebenza namuhla. Kunenani elilokhu likhula njalo lemibukiso yezobuciko ekhombisa lamakhono asemasha, nemibukiso evamile yomsebenzi omusha.
AMABHOKELE E-TURKISH
Isongo liwuhlobo lwakudala kakhulu lokuhloba komuntu, futhi imiklamo yezibonelo zokuqala ezisekhona zibonisa ukuthi, njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi zobucwebe, ekuqaleni zaziwuhlobo lwe-talisman noma imilingo. Amasongo okuqala enziwe ngokhuni, amatshe, nezinsimbi ezithambile ezenzeka ngokwemvelo esimweni sazo sensimbi, ngokuyinhloko igolide nethusi .Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthukiswa phakathi nenkulungwane yeminyaka kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhipha nokusebenzisa isiliva nezinye izinsimbi. Namuhla amasongo athandwa njengakuqala. Ngokwesitayela ziwela ezigabeni ezimbili, esingase sikubize ngezinhlobo zakudala zokulingisa, kanye nemiklamo yesimanje ngezitayela ezingabonakali nezangempela.
Bonke abesifazane, kusukela endlovukazini esigodlweni sakhe kuya kowesifazane wasemaphandleni endlini yakhe encane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iholo labo noma izinga lamasiko, bebelokhu bejabulela ukugqoka amasongo. Kodwa ngaphandle kwezimfanelo zabo zokuhlobisa, amasongo abe neminye imisebenzi. Isibonelo, amasongo ethusi kusakholakala ukuthi akhulula izinhlungu emalungeni, futhi ezikhathini zangaphambili amasongo ane-agate, itshe elithathwa njengelingcwele phakathi kwamaTurkey kwakukholelwa ukuthi livikela umeluki ekulunyweni yizilwane ezinobuthi. Amatshe egazi, kukholakala ukuthi ayeka ukopha.
Amasongo egolide agqitshwe ngamatshe ayigugu ayencanyelwa izicebi, kodwa isiliva laphinde lasetshenziswa ukwenza amanye amasongo amahle kakhulu lapho amatshe anombala abonisa khona ngokumelene nensimbi emhlophe ukuze kube nomphumela omuhle kakhulu. Isiliva libekezelela inqubo yokuqamba ngaso sonke isineke sokucindezelwa nokuhlupheka kwe-dervish. Uma kushisa okubomvu kukhishwa ocingweni, noma kubekwe phezu kombhede we-pitch kanye nemiklamo ekhandwe phezulu. Igcwele amatshe, amaphethini akhishelwe imiklamo ye-niello, igolide elicwecwe kusetshenziswa i-mercury, noma elihlotshiswe ngamaconsi esiliva amancane ukuze kukhiqizwe umthelela wobucwebe owaziwa ngokuthi i-Güverse, isongo liqeda ukuhlola kwalo ngomlilo ku-forge futhi lilungele ukuzungeza isihlakala se othandiweyo.
Uhlu olubanzi lwamanye amasu asetshenziselwa ukwenza noma ukuhlobisa amasongo esiliva. Enye yezintandokazi kakhulu i-filigree, nezinhlobo ezifanayo ezilukwe ngocingo oluyisiyingi noma oluyisicaba lwesiliva. Okunye ukuqopha. Ngokuvamile amasu amabili noma ngaphezulu ahlanganiswa ngesongo esisodwa, futhi amanye amasu ahlotshaniswa nendawo lapho avame ukwenziwa khona, njengeTrabzon Hasiri - uhlobo lwesongo lwe-filigree, i-Kayseri Burmasi ne-Halep isi.
Nakuba esikhathini esidlule amakhulu ezinhlobo ezahlukene zesongo zenziwa, ngokuvamile ingcweti efanayo eyenza izinhlobo eziningana noma ukuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha, amasongo ama-antique aseTurkey ambalwa kakhulu aye asinda. Ngisho namagama ezaziwa ngawo awasakhunjulwa namuhla. Kanye nezinhlobo ezaziwa ngemva kwamadolobha lapho zazivame ukwakhiwa khona, kwakunamagama achaza amafomu, njenge-kabara (umphathi), i-kubbeli (i-domed), i-zincirli (iketango), i-koruklu ne-tankli (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-bascavus) namasongo.
Amasongo afakwa eqakaleni abizwa ngokuthi i-halhal, igama lesi-Arabhu elisho iqakala. Lezi zigqokwa emazweni amaningi kusukela e-Afrika kuya eNdiya, kuhlanganise nezingxenye ezisempumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeTurkey. Ngokwesiko i-halhal yayenziwa ngochungechunge lweziyingi eziyizigodi eziqukethe ubuhlalu bensimbi obuncane, ukuze zenze umsindo okhencezayo omnandi kanye nokubukeka kukhanga. Abesifazane basemaphandleni babejwayele izingane zabo ukuze kuthi uma bematasa besebenza emasimini nasemasimini bezwe lapho bedlala khona noma bengabonakali, baxwayiswe ngomsindo uma beduka.
Namuhla, kunamasongo amaningi okuhlobisa enziwe ngobuhlalu be-Nazar Bonjuk futhi.
