Ikhasi (32-37)
Kuyinto fard futhi ukukhokha 'usr. I-zakat
yokukhiqiza etholakala emhlabeni womuntu ibizwa ngokuthi 'Ushr. Ngisho a
umuntu onesikweletu kufanele akhokhe 'usr.
U-Imâm-i-a'zam uthi: “Uma noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemifino noma isithelo
elizuzwe emhlabeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lingakanani, kukude ukupha
ingxenye eyodwa kweshumi yayo noma okulingana nayo ngegolide noma isiliva kumaMuslim ampofu.”
Uma umkhiqizo utholakala emhlabathini oniselwa ngawo
amandla esilwane, isondo lamanzi noma umshini, ingxenye yamashumi amabili nakho
inikezwe. Noma ngabe okweshumi noma okweshumi nambili, kufanele kunikelwe
ngaphambi kokudonsa lokho okusetshenziselwa izilwane, imbewu, amathuluzi, umanyolo
amakhemikhali nabasebenzi. 'U-Ushr akakhokhelwa ngomkhiqizo omncane
kune-sâ' eyodwa. Noma ngabe umnikazi womhlaba yingane, uyahlanya
umuntu noma isigqila, 'ushr' wayo kufanele ikhokhwe. Umbuso uthatha 'ushr
ngendluzula kumuntu ongeke akhokhe 'ushr wakhe. 'U-Ushr akakhokhelwa
isithelo nemifino egcekeni lomuzi womuntu noma
izinkuni, utshani noma utshani, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziningi kangakanani. Ngoba
uju, [ngisho noma kube khona izindleko ezintweni ezinjengalezi
izingubo zobunjiniyela], ukotini, itiye, ugwayi, izithelo
etholakala ezihlahleni ezisemasimini, [njengeminqumo, amagilebhisi], ingxenye eyodwa kweshumi iyi
ikhokhwe njenge-'usr. Ayikho i-'ush ye-pitch, i-petroleum noma usawoti. [Bheka i
okwesibili kwengcebo emine yeBeytulmâl kamuva ngaphambili.] It
Ku-harâm ukudla umkhiqizo ongazange ukhokhelwe.
Kudingeka ukukhokha 'ushr yayo ngisho nangemva kokuba uyidlile.
U-Ibni 'Âbidîn[1] uthi: “'Ushr wesithelo nokusanhlamvu, ngokusho
I-Imâm-i-a'zam kanye no-Imâm-i-Zufer, iba fard uma sebenayo
kwakhiwa esiqwini futhi ngenkathi zisavikelekile kusuka
ukubola. Noma bengakakulungeli ukuvunwa, kufanele 'ushr
zikhokhelwe lapho sezivuthiwe ngokwanele ukuba zisetshenziswe, zidle. Ngokuvumelana ne
I-Imâm-i-Abû Yûsuf, uma isivuthiwe iba fard (ukukhokha 'usr
kubo) ngaphambi kokuvuna. Futhi ngokuka-Imâm-iMuhammad kuba kude emva kokuvuna, okungukuthi, ngemuva kwakho konke
sebevuniwe, babuthwa. Kuvumelekile ukukhetha okunye
[1] USayyid Muhammad Emîn bin 'Umar bin 'Abd-ul-'Azîz 'rahmatullâhi
u-ta'âlâ 'alaih', (1198 [1784 AD] - 1252 [1836], eDamaseku,) wabhala incwadi
Incwadi yemiqulu emihlanu njengesichasiselo sencwadi ethi Durr-ul-mukhtâr,
ngu-Alâuddin Haskafî 'rahmatullâhi ta'âlâ 'alaih', (1021, Haskaf –
1088 [1677],) futhi walibiza ngokuthi Radd-ul-muhtâr. Lapho isihloko esithi Ibni 'Âbidîn
kushiwo, noma leso sazi esibalulekile, u-Sayyid Muhammad Emîn,
noma isichasiselo sakhe, i-Radd-ul-muhtâr, siqondiswe. I-Radd-ul-muhtâr yiyona
incwadi enokwethenjelwa kakhulu yeFiqh kuHanafî Madhhab.
zisuse eziqwini zabo uzidle, noma uzinike omunye ukuba adle
ngaphambi kokuvuna. Kodwa ngokuka-Imâm-i-a'zam 'ushr wabo futhi
kufanele ikhokhwe, okungadingekile ngokwala ma-imâm amabili.
Kodwa zifakwe ekubalweni, okwenziwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi i-
umkhiqizo (okungenani) inani lamaviki amahlanu. Uma umuntu ebakhetha
ngemva kokuba sezivuthiwe, 'ushr' wazo akusadingeki ngokusho
ku-Imâm-i-Muhammad. Ngemva kokuphothulwa kokuvuna, i
'imali ecekelwe phansi noma eyebiwe akufanele ikhokhwe." Abampofu
kufanele abale futhi bakhokhe 'ushr wabo ngokwamamâm amabili.
Labo abacebile kufanele bakhokhe ngokuka-Imâm-i-a'zam.
Ibhalwe ekhasini lamakhulu amabili namashumi amabili nanhlanu le
Incwadi ethi Imâd-ul-Islâm[1]: “Noma ivela ensimini elinywayo noma
insimu yezithelo noma isivini, ku-harâm ukudla izithelo ngaphambi kokukhokha
ingxenye eyodwa kweshumi yayo kumaSulumane ampofu. Uma umuntu ekala ubuningi
ukhiphe wadla wabe esebala bese ekhokha 'usr of
lokho umuntu akudlile, khona-ke lokho akudlile kuba halâl.
Uma umuntu ebuthe amabele ayishumi kakolweni enganikezi
ibhakede elilodwa (36 1/2 kg) walo kumSulumane ompofu, hhayi lowo kuphela
isitsha kodwa futhi zonke izitsha eziyishumi zizoba harâm. Uma umuntu edla
umhlaba womunye umuntu futhi athole izilimo ngaphandle kwemvume yakamuva,
emkhiqizweni uthola kuphela inani elilingana nezindleko zakhe futhi
Inhlokodolobha iba yi-Halâl kuye, kanti okunye ku-harâm; kufanele anikele
abanye kwabampofu kube yiminikelo yesihle.”
Ngokuka-Imâm-i-Yûsuf kanye no-Imâm-i-Muhammad, ukukhokha
'ushr, umkhiqizo otholakala ezweni kufanele ube ngowohlobo
kanye nekhwalithi ezohlala unyaka owodwa futhi inani layo kufanele libe ngaphezulu
ngaphezu kwamaviki amahlanu. I-wesk eyodwa isho umthwalo wekamela, okuwumthamo
zamashumi ayisithupha. Amashumi ayisithupha ama-sa' amalitha angamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu. Ngokunjalo,
ama-imâm amabili athi i-nisâb ye-'usr ngamakhulu ayishumi nambili kanye
amalitha angamashumi amahlanu. Kodwa i-fatwâ inikezwe ngokuvumelana ne
ijtihâd ka-Imâm-i-a'zam.
U-Ibni 'Âbidîn uthi ekhasini lamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu nane
umqulu wesithathu: “Uma izakhamuzi zedolobha ziba amaSulumane
ngokuzithandela noma uma amaSulumane ethumba idolobha ngenkani kanye nengxenye yesihlanu
umhlaba ugodliwe futhi okusele kunikezwe amasosha noma
kwamanye amaSulumane, iziqephu ezinjalo zomhlaba ziba yimpahla yalabo abanjalo
bathathe, futhi kukude ukukhokha inzalo yomkhiqizo waleli zwe.
'Ushr awuthathwa umhlaba othathwe ngendluzula futhi
inikezwe abangakholwa noma eseyithathwe ngezindlela zokuthula
[1] Inguqulo yesiTurkey ye-'Umdat-ul-Islâm ehunyushwe ngu-'Abd-ur-Rahmân
bin Yusuf.
futhi usengowabangakholwayo. I-Kharâj ithathwa ezindaweni ezinjalo zomhlaba.
[I-'Ushr kanye ne-kharâj isetshenziselwa izinjongo ezihlukile kwenye ngayinye
enye.] I-Kharâj ithathwa emazweni ase-Iraq, e-Syria, nase-Egypt, nge
ngaphandle kweBasra.” Ibhalwe ekhasini lamashumi amahlanu nesibili le
umqulu wesibili: “Ngisho noma umnikazi wezwe lekharâj enikela noma
uyithengisela umSulumane, i-kharâj isazokhokhwa ngomkhiqizo.” It
kubhalwe ku-Majmû'ai-jadîda: “Kuvumelekile ku-zimî ukuba
anikele ngendawo yakhe esisekelweni esingcwele ngokubeka ukuthi yayo
kufanele kuqashwe amaSulumane ampofu.” Futhi kulotshiwe encwadini
ikhasi lamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu nanhlanu omqulu wesithathu walo
ukuphawula: “Uma u-zimmî[1] efa ifa lakhe basakhokha
ikharaj. Uma engenamafa umhlaba osele ungoweBeytulmâl
futhi i-kharâj iyawa, okungukuthi, ayikhokhelwa. Uma umbuso uthengisa lo mhlaba,
okuyi-mîrî, noma ukuyinikela njenge-waqf, umuntu (noma isisekelo)
oyitholayo ukhokha 'usr, hhayi kharâj." Iningi lezwe lase-Anatolian
isiphenduke umhlaba 'ushr ngokusebenzisa le nqubomgomo. Kuphinde kubhalwe kanjalo ku
ikhasi lamashumi amahlanu lomqulu wesibili. Kulotshiwe ekhasini lamashumi amane nesishiyagalolunye lomqulu wesibili ukuthi: “Uma umuntu enikela ngezwe lakhe
wokulima, umuntu olima umhlabathi uyamnika. Kubhaliwe
ekhasini lamashumi amahlanu nanhlanu: “Uma umbuso uqashisa umhlaba okungowawo
i-Beytulmâl, ukuqasha okuthathwa unyaka ngamunye kubalwa ku-kharâj. 'Ushr
ayithathwa ngaphezu kwalokho. Ngokuba, i- 'usr ayithathwa njengezwe uma i- kharâj injalo
kuthathwe ngenxa yalokho.” Uma umuntu eqashisa indawo yakhe yokuhlala 'ushr, umnikazi
inikeza 'ushr womkhiqizo ngokuka-Imâm-i-a'zam. I
fatwâ inikezwa ngokuvumelana nalokhu ezindaweni lapho okuqashiswa khona
phezulu. Ngokuvumelana nama-imâm amabili umqashi unikeza 'usr. I
fatwâ inikezwa ngokufanele ezindaweni lapho amanani okuqasha ephansi. Cha
eyodwa kodwa umongameli wezwe angadayisa umhlaba ongowa
I-Beytulmâl. Uma umnikazi wendawo ehlala i-kharâj eba umSulumane
noma inikela nge-waqf indawo yokuhlala, i-kharâj yayo kusafanele ikhokhwe. Uma a
indlu ene-'usr ithengwa i-zimmî, okungukuthi, ongeyena umSulumane, i
indawo yokuhlala iba yizwe lekharâj. Kubhaliwe emakhulwini amabili
nekhasi lamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu lomqulu wesithathu: “Uma umongameli we
umbuso unikela ngekharâj kumaMuslim ongumnikazi we
indawo yokuhlala, umnikazi uyisebenzisela yena mathupha uma enamalungelo afanele
okufunwa yi-Beytulmâl.[2] Uma engenawo lawo malungelo,
[1] Umuntu ongeyena umSulumane ohlala ezweni lamaMuslim.
[2] I-Beyt-ul-mâl (noma i-Bayt-ul-mâl) iyingcebo ye-Islam.
uhulumeni. Emakhasini angaphambili kukhona ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana ne
I-Beyt-ul-mâl. Ngokufunda lawo makhasi, abafundi bazokwazi ukuthi yini
okusho ukuthi “abantu abanamalungelo afanele afunwa yiBeytul-mâl.”
uyinika umuntu onamalungelo. Uma umongameli enikela
'ushr akuvumelekile. 'U-Ushr akathethelelwa yizwe
ukuhoxiswa. Uma kunjalo umnikazi wendawo yokuhlala kufanele akhokhe eyakhe
'ush kulabo abanamalungelo afanele afunwa yi-
Beytulmâl.”
Kubhaliwe emqulwini wesibili ukuthi: “Izitshalo ezivela ezindaweni eziwumhlaba ukuthi
azikho ngaphansi kwe-kharâj noma i-'usr, njengezintaba namahlathi,
kufanele ibalwe njengemikhiqizo engaphansi kwe-'usr. Uma kuthunyelwa omunye
izipho zomnikazi womhlaba owaziyo ukuthi akakhokhanga imali yazo,
kuhle ukuba umuntu ayeke okweshumi kwakho, aphe abampofu, futhi
bese udla okusele.
Enye yezincazelo zeMithetho Yemihlaba ethathelwe indawo, ethi
wamisa ukuphathwa kwe-Beytulmâl, okungukuthi, umhlaba we-mîrî
izindawo, liyincwadi eyanyatheliswa ngo-1319 [hijrî], ngu-Ât›f Bey, owayeyilungu.
uthisha wekhodi yomphakathi esikoleni sesayensi yezepolitiki. Ikona
ebhalwe esigabeni sayo sesethulo:
Uma izwe linqotshwa impi, ingxenye yesihlanu yomhlaba ingeyakho
eBeytulmâl. Icala elilodwa kulawa amathathu alandelayo lingasetshenziswa
kwabanye:
I-1 - Ihlukaniswa futhi yabelwe amasosha noma kwabanye
AmaSulumane. Izindawo ezinjalo zomhlaba ziba yimpahla yalaba bantu.
Umhlaba onjalo ukhokhiswa intela nge-'usr, eqoqwa minyaka yonke.
2 - Umhlaba ushiyelwa kwabangakholwayo. Umhlaba onjalo ukhokhiswa intela
ikharâj.
3 - Umongameli wezwe akanikezi muntu umhlaba,
kodwa uyinika iBeytulmâl. Umhlaba onjalo ubizwa nangokuthi umhlaba we-mîrî. Uma
umnikazi womhlaba we-usr noma we-kharâj uyafa futhi uma engenazo izindlalifa,
umhlaba ungoweBeytulmâl. Iba yizwe le-mîrî. Kuzoba njalo
kudayiswe noma kuqashwe ngenani elinqunywe yi-sultân (umongameli we
izwe). Izindikimba zayo (intengo) noma ukuqashwa kuba yi-kharâj, okungukuthi, kuyabekwa
engxenyeni yesithathu yeBeytulmâl. Noma, iqashiselwa amaSulumane noma
abantu bakithi abangewona amaMuslim ngesenzo somthetho, amaphesenti athile
umkhiqizo uthathwa minyaka yonke njengerenti. Irenti ibikade ingeyakwa-
amasosha nezikhulu. Amasosha ayenelungelo lokuthatha
amarenti ayebizwa ngoTimarci, futhi amaphoyisa ayebizwa ngokuthi amaZa'îm. I
indawo yamasosha yayibizwa ngokuthi iTimar, kwabizwa indawo yezikhulu
IZe'âmet, futhi indawo yojenene yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Khâs. Abussu'ûd
U-Efendi, u-Muftiyy-us-saqaleyn, wabhala kumafatwâs akhe, akhona
Umtapo wolwazi we-Nûr-i-Osmâniyye (e-Istanbul): “Ingxenye eyodwa kweziyishumi
umkhiqizo, okhokhwa minyaka yonke nge-oda le-sultân ku-
Timarcis ngalabo abaqashe umhlaba waseBeytulmâl's mîrî by
itayitela elisemthethweni, ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi 'usr; nokho akusiyo 'ushr; Ikona
rent.” Kamuva izindawo eziningi zama-mîrî zanikelwa noma zadayiswa
abantu ngoMbuso, kuzo zombili lezi zimo kwaba umhlaba 'ushr.
Ngakho cishe wonke amazwe ase-Asia Minor naseRumelia aba
izwe 'ushr. Njengoba kubonakala, enye ye-'usr ne-kharâj
kufanele ikhokhwe ngomkhiqizo womhlaba. Abanye abantu bayasho futhi babhale
ukuthi izwe lase-Anatolia akulona izwe le-'usr. Nokho, iqiniso liwukuthi
ukuthi awukho umhlaba we-mîrî ezweni lakithi. Izinkambu zawo wonke umuntu kanye
izivande ziyimpahla yabo, noma bangabaqashi. Kukude kubo
ukukhokha intela yomkhiqizo wayo.
Ngezikhathi ze-Ottoman kwakukhona izinhlobo ezinhlanu zezindawo zomhlaba:
1 – Kulezo zindawo zomhlaba ezaziyimpahla yabantu, kakhulu
abambalwa babene-kharâj futhi iningi labo laliphethe 'ushr. Umhlaba
lokho kwakuyimpahla yabantu yayinezigaba ezine. Okokuqala
isigaba sakhiwe iziza edolobhaneni noma idolobha kanye nezindawo zomhlaba
eduzane nedolobhana futhi elingekho ngaphezu kwesigamu se-dönüm (cishe 0.116
amahektha). Babekade beyimihlaba yasemîrî phambilini futhi babedayiselwe abakwa-
abantu abanemvume yeKhalifa kamuva. Noma kwakuyizindawo zomhlaba
nge-'usr noma nge-kharâj. Esigabeni sesibili kwakukhona labo mîrî
izindawo kanye namasimu ayedayiselwe abantu ngeKhalifa
imvume. 'U-Ushr wakhokhelwa ngemali yabo. Isigaba sesithathu
kwakuyilezo zindawo zomhlaba ezine 'ushr kanti eyesine yayihlanganisa lezo
nge kharâj.
Umnikazi wanoma iyiphi yalezi zinhlobo ezine zomhlaba wayengayithengisa. Yena
angasinikeza, futhi. Yayizohlukaniswa futhi yabelwe eyakhe
ifa njengoba kunqunyelwe ulwazi lukaFarâid (igatsha lika
Isayensi YamaSulumane ephathelene nefa).[1] Ngokolunye uhlangothi,
ukube umuntu ubesebenzisa indawo yomhlaba esigabeni se-mîrî
ngoba wayenikezwe itayitela laso elingokomthetho futhi wayekade elikhokha
qasha; lapho lo muntu efa ifa lakhe alikwazanga ukulihlukanisa phakathi
ngokwabo noma bayithengise. Wayengeke avume ukuthi lolu hlobo lomhlaba ludayiswe
noma izikweletu zakhe zikhokhelwe emalini etholiwe ngokuthengiswa kwayo.
Izwe lalingeke libe ngelamafa akhe. Bekungeke kube njalo
kufakwe ku-nisâb ye-Qurbân, noma. Futhi yayingeke ithengiswe.
Kuphela, ingadluliselwa komunye umuntu njengembuyiselo yemali
ngemvume yomnikazi weTimâr. Umuntu owayenakho
umhlaba oqashiwe we-mîrî ungahlwanyela noma yini noma uvumele omunye umuntu ukuthi asebenzise
umhlaba ngembuyiselo yokuqasha. Noma iyiphi indawo eshiywe ingalinywanga
iminyaka emithathu izoqashiselwa omunye umuntu. Isiqashi
Umlimi akakwazanga ukutshala izihlahla noma imivini emhlabeni we-mîrî ngaphandle
[1] Sicela ubheke isahluko samashumi amabili nantathu.
imvume. Wayengeke akhe indlu lapho ngaphandle kwemvume,
noma. Futhi kwakungeke kungcwatshwe umuntu ofile lapho. Umhlaba we-mirî
yayingeke ibe yimpahla yomuntu owayeyiqashile
semthethweni. Abantu abanjalo babengabaqashi kuphela. Kwakuyisiko lokho
lapho umlimi oqashile eshona insimu yayizoqashwa ngeyakhe
indlalifa. Leli bekungelona ilungelo lendlalifa elinqunywe ngabakwa-
I-Sharî'a, kodwa isipho esivela kuHulumeni. Sicela ubheke ingxenye yokugcina
isahluko samashumi amabili nantathu.
2 – Izindawo zaseBeytulmâl, okungukuthi umhlaba wasemîrî. Iningi lezwe
umhlaba wawunjalo waqashwa. Kamuva iningi lalezo zindawo zomhlaba zaba
yathengiswa kubantu, yaba yizwe lase-Ushr.
3 – Izindawo ze-Waqf, umkhiqizo wazo wawungaphansi kwe-'usr.
4 - Izikhala ezivulekile zomhlabathi, amasimu nokunye okunjalo kwenziwa
umphakathi.
5 – Izindawo okungezona ezeBeytulmâl nanoma ngubani
okunye, njengezintaba namahlathi; AmaSulumane ayewahlakulela
izonikeza 'ushr womkhiqizo.
Ubumnandi obungapheli
