Nplooj ntawv (14-23)
Yog tej yam uas tiv thaiv ib tug los ntawm kev tuag. Cov
thawj ntawm lawv yog kev noj haus. Muaj peb hom kev noj haus.
Khoom noj khoom haus, khaub ncaws, thiab tsev nyob. Khoom noj muaj xws li tej yam uas yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub
chav ua noj thiab. Thiab vaj tse suav nrog tej yam uas xav tau hauv tsev.
Ib tug tsiaj nyaum ntawm kev thauj mus los lossis tsheb, riam phom, tub qhe, cuab yeej ntawm
kos duab, thiab cov phau ntawv tsim nyog suav nrog cov kev xav tau tseem ceeb.
Mus rau hajj kuj yuav tsum muaj nyiaj thiab khoom muaj nqis ntxiv
tshaj li cov kev xav tau tseem ceeb no. Kev noj haus yog kev noj haus rau koj thiab
rau cov uas nws yog wâjib rau koj txhawb. Ntawm cov no cov
cov uas ntau tshaj qhov koj xav tau thiab txhua phau ntawv uas tsis yog
kev ntseeg thiab cov kws tshaj lij raug muag kom tau nyiaj rau hajj
thiab suav nrog nisâb ntawm Qurbân thiab Fitra. Tab sis lawv tsis yog
suav nrog hauv nisâb ntawm zakât tshwj tsis yog lawv npaj rau kev lag luam.
Mus rau hajj, yog tias koj muaj ib lub tsev uas tsis yog lub tsev koj nyob,
koj muag. Tab sis koj tsis muag cov chav seem ntawm ib lub tsev. Nws yog
tsis tsim nyog muag lub tsev uas koj nyob thiab mam li xauj lwm tus
tsev. Nws tso cai rau yuav koj cov kev xav tau tseem ceeb ua ntej lub sijhawm
haj los. Tom qab hajj tau dhau los lawm, nws tsis tso cai rau
siv nyiaj Hajj mus yuav lawv. Koj yuav tsum mus rau hajj ua ntej.
Thaum piav txog lub hajj, Ibni 'Âbidîn hais tias: “Koj cov zaub mov lossis nyiaj txiag
rau ib xyoos yog suav tias yog kev noj haus. Koj muag dab tsi ntau tshaj
ntawd thiab mus hajj. Tus kws ua lag luam, tus kws ua khoom siv tes ua, tus kws kos duab lossis a
tus neeg ua liaj ua teb cov peev txheej hauv nws cheeb tsam yog qhov tseem ceeb xav tau thaum
lub haj txhawj xeeb. Koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv thiab ntawm cov neeg uas nws yog
wâjib rau koj txhawb yog xam raws li cov
kev cai ntawm koj lub nroog thiab nrog koj cov phooj ywg. Yuav tsum noj
zaub mov zoo thiab hnav khaub ncaws zoo, huv si thiab zoo nkauj. Tab sis ib
yuav tsum tsis txhob yog kev siv nyiaj. Tib neeg txoj cai yuav tsum tau them ua ntej
Allah txoj cai. Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob qiv nyiaj kom mus ntxiv
Hajj, tshwj tsis yog koj paub tseeb tias koj yuav rov qab tau nws. "
Cov nyiaj uas koj tau tseg rau kev yuav koj cov kev xav tau tseem ceeb lossis
rau kev ntsib cov nuj nqis ntawm koj lub ntees tuag yog suav nrog hauv
xam nisâb. Yog ib tug neeg tsuas muaj nyiaj ntawd thiab yog tseem muaj
tsis qis dua tus nqi ntawm nisâb ib xyoos tom qab nws tau mus txog qhov
tus nqi ntawm nisâb, nws them zakât ntawm dab tsi tseem nyob rau hauv nws muaj
ntawm cov nyiaj ntawd. Rau, zakât, fitra thiab qurbân tsis conditional rau
muaj cov kev xav tau tseem ceeb. Qhov koj muaj ntawm no tsis yog
suav nrog hauv kev suav ntawm nisâb.
Yog tias kub lossis nyiaj lossis cov khoom lag luam tseem nyob hauv koj
muaj rau ib xyoo hijrî (Arabic) (354 hnub) txij hnub nws
qhov hnyav los yog tus nqi tau mus txog tus nqi ntawm nisâb, nws yog fard rau koj
kom tseg nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm zakât ib-fortieth ntawm dab tsi muaj
tseem tshuav thiab them rau cov neeg pluag Muslims. Nws yog wâjib them sai sai
raws li ua tau. Nws yog makrûh ncua nws yam tsis muaj kev zam txim zoo
('udhr) ua li ntawd. Tsis tas yuav npaj siab los hais tias yog
zakât thaum muab nws. Qhov no yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv tag nrho plaub Madhâhib.
Lub nisâb ntawm kub yog nees nkaum mithqâls. Ib mithqâl yog ib chav tsev
hnyav. Qhov hnyav, qhov ntev, ntim, sijhawm, thiab tus nqi [nyiaj] ntsuas
raug xaiv ua shar'î thiab 'urfî units. Shar'î units tau siv
thaum lub sijhawm peb tus Yaj Saub Muhammad 'sall-Allâhu' alaihi wa
sallam' thiab raug xa mus rau hauv hadîth-i sherifs. Plaub Madhhabs '
imâms tau tshaj tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov chav nyob hauv
txawv txoj kev. 'Urfî units qhia txog kev siv kev cai los yog chav nyob ntawm
ntsuas tau txais los ntawm tsoomfwv. Plaub Madhhab imams
tau piav txog mithqâl sib npaug sib txawv. Piv txwv li, lub
mithqâl sib npaug hauv Hanafî, Shâfi'î, thiab Mâlikî Madhhabs
txawv. Ib yam li ntawd kuj muaj ntau yam 'urfî mithqâls. Hauv Hanafî
Madhhab, ib mithqâl yog nees nkaum qirâts (carats). Ib qho piv txwv
sib npaug tsib peeled txiav-kawg ntawm qhuav barley noob. Thaum kuv
kev sim, (lub koob hmoov Walî thiab tus kws tshawb fawb Hüseyn
Hilmi Iş›k 'rahmatullâhi 'alaih' txhais tau tias Nws tus kheej,) [ua rau ib tug heev
muaj tseeb tshuav nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev muag tshuaj] Kuv pom tias 5 noob ntawm barley
hnyav nees nkaum plaub centigrams (gr. 0.24). Yog li ntawd, ib tug shar'î
mithqâl yog ib puas noob ntawm barley, thaum nws sau rau hauv
(Zahîra)[1] tias ib mitqâl yog xya caum-ob noob ntawm barley
raws li Mâlikî Madhhab. Li no ib mithqâl yog peb thiab
ib nrab [3.456] grams nyob rau hauv Mâlikî thiab plaub point yim caum [4.80] grams nyob rau hauv
Hanafî ua. Yog li ntawd, nisâb ntawm kub yog 96 grams. Qhov kawg saws
ntsuas ntawm 'urfî mithqâl, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman,
yog 24 qirâts thiab ib tug qirât yog 20 centigrams (gr. 0.20). Yog li ntawd,
ib 'urfî mithqâl sib npaug 4.80 grams. Hauv qhov no, shar'î mithqâls thiab
'urfî mithqâls yog qhov hnyav tib yam. Txij li thaum lub Ottoman thiab
Republican kub npib ob leeg hnyav ib thiab ib nrab mithqâls thiab ib
kub npib hnyav 7.20 grams, tus nqi ntawm nisâb yog 20 ÷ 1.5 lossis 13.3
npib kub. 13.3 npib kub hnyav 96 grams. Hauv lwm lo lus, nws yog
fard them zakât rau ib tug uas muaj kaum peb thiab ib feem peb (13.3)
kub npib los yog nws cov ntawv nyiaj sib npaug. Thaum ib tug hais tias, “A
mithqâl sib npaug 20 qirâts” ib tug yuav tsum qhia shar'î mithqâl. Nws yog
yuav tsum tau muab 20 los ntawm 0.24 gram hnyav ntawm shar'î qirât
kom paub tias pes tsawg grams ib mithqâl hnyav. Yog xam
tau siv qhov hnyav ntawm 'urfî qirât (0.20 g.) cov khoom ntawm 4
grams yuav tsis yog qhov hnyav ntawm shar'î mithqâl lossis ib qho
'urfî kev. Nws tsis yog hais tias lub nisâb ntawm kub yuav sib npaug
4 × 20 = 80 grams los ntawm kev siv lub npe qirât tsis raug.
Lub nisâb ntawm nyiaj yog ob puas dirham-i-shar'î. Ib dirhami-shar'î yog kaum plaub qirât-i-shar'î, uas yog sib npaug rau xya caum noob ntawm
barley. Raws li lub Mâlikî Madhhab nws yog sib npaug rau tsib caug-tsib
noob ntawm barley, los yog [2.64] grams. Qhov hnyav ntawm kaum dirham yog sib npaug
[1] Zahîra-t-ul-fiqh-ul-kubrâ, los ntawm Tâhir Muhammad Suleymân Mâlikî ntawm
Sudan 'rahmatullâhi ta'âlâ 'alaih'.
mus rau qhov hnyav ntawm xya mithqâls nyob rau hauv lub Hanafî Madhhab. Thaum twg
peb feem kaum ntawm ib mithqâl yog rho tawm ntawm ib mithqâl tus
seem yog ib tug dirham. Thaum peb-xya ntxiv rau ib qho
dirham tag nrho yog ib mithqâl. Ib dirham-i-shar'î yog peb grams
thiab peb puas rau caum milligrams (3.360 gr.) [0.24 × 14 = 3.36].
Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub Hanafî Madhhab lub nisâb ntawm nyiaj yog 2800 qirât
ib 672g. Ib majidiyya [Ib qho nyiaj npib Ottoman] yog tsib
mithqâls, uas yog, ib puas qirât-i-shar'î, los yog nees nkaum plaub grams.
Yog li, zakât yog fard rau tus neeg uas muaj nees nkaum yim majidiyyas.
Txij li nees nkaum mithqâls ntawm kub thiab ob puas dirhams nyiaj
qhia ib tug ntau npaum li cas ntawm nisâb, lawv cov nqi yuav tsum sib npaug.
Raws li, nyob rau hauv Islam, ib mithqâl ntawm kub muaj nqi ntawm kaum
dirhams ntawm nyiaj, uas muaj qhov hnyav ntawm xya mithqâls ntawm nyiaj.
Ces ib gram ntawm kub muaj nqi ntawm xya grams nyiaj. Hauv
Islam, tus nqi ntawm kub siv nyiaj yog xya npaug tib yam
qhov hnyav ntawm nyiaj txiag. Niaj hnub no, nyiaj tsis siv li nyiaj. Cov
tus nqi ntawm cov nyiaj tsawg heev. Vim li no, tus nqi ntawm cov nyiaj
tsis tuaj yeem coj los ua lub hauv paus hauv kev suav cov nisâb ntawm daim ntawv nyiaj
los yog cov khoom lag luam niaj hnub no. Ibnî 'Âbidîn 'rahmatullâhi ta'âlâ
'alaih', hais nyob rau hauv nqe lus hais txog zakât ntawm cov cuab yeej: "Lub qirât-i-
'urfî yog plaub nplej nplej. Lub dirham-i-shar'î yog sib npaug rau xya caum
nplej ntawm barley. Ib dirham-i-'urfî muaj qhov hnyav ntawm kaum rau
qirâts, uas yog, rau caum-plaub nplej nplej; yog li ntawd lub dirham-i-'urfî yog
me dua." [Tom qab ntawd, qhov no dirham-i-'urfî, uas yav tas los siv, yog
kwv yees peb grams. Ib qho qirât uas tau siv thaum lub sijhawm
lub sijhawm kawg ntawm Ottoman yog qhov hnyav ntawm plaub lub noob ntawm
hom qoob mog. Nws yog nees nkaum centigrams, thiab lub dirham yog 16
qir = 3.20 g.]
Nws tau sau nyob rau hauv phau ntawv al-Muqaddemat-ul Hadramiyya: “Hauv
lub Madhhab ntawm Shafi'î, ib mithqâl hnyav 24 qirâts. Yog li ib
dirham-i-shar'î yog 16.8 grams. Nws yog hais nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv Misbâh-unnejât, thiab Anwâr li a'mâl-il-abrâr: "Hauv Madhhab ntawm Shâfi'î, ib tug
mitqâl sib npaug 72 noob ntawm barley. Ib mitqâl tshaj ib
dirham los ntawm peb-sevenths ntawm ib dirham. Tus nqi ntawm a
cov khoom los yog cov khoom lag luam yog xam los ntawm nws
cov neeg, uas yog, nws tus nqi yuav khoom. " Txij li thaum ib lub mitqâl yog 24 qirâts,
thiab qhov no sib npaug 72 noob ntawm barley, ces nyob rau hauv lub Shâfi'î Madhhab ib
qirât hnyav peb noob ntawm barley los yog 14.4 centigrams. Yog li ntawd, yog tias
ib mitqâl sib npaug 3.45 grams, li no nees nkaum mithqâl sib npaug 69
grams, uas yog kwv yees li cuaj thiab ib nrab npib kub. Vim
ib dirham yog peb-feem kaum ib mithqâl tsawg dua ib mithqâl nyob rau hauv lub
Madhâhib ntawm Shafi'î thiab Hanbalî, ib dirham yog 16.8 qirâts, uas yog,
ob grams thiab plaub caug ob centigrams [2.42 g.] nyob rau hauv Madhâhib ntawm
Shâfi'î thiab Hanbalî. Yog li ntawd, lub nisab ntawm nyiaj yog plaub puas thiab
yim-plaub (484) grams. Nws yog sau nyob rau hauv Jawâhir-uz-zakiyya[1] ntawd
nyob rau hauv lub Mâlikî Madhhab ib mithqâl yog 72 nplej barley thiab ib tug
dirham yog 55 nplej ntawm barley. Nyob rau hauv lub Shâfi'î Madhhab zakât ntawm ib
yam khoom tsis tuaj yeem muab los ntawm lwm yam khoom.
Piv txwv li, nyiaj tsis tuaj yeem muab rau kub; los yog barley rau hom qoob mog.
Nws sau nyob rau hauv Kimyâ-yi-se'dat thiab tseem nyob rau hauv Fatâwâ-i-fiqhiyya los ntawm
Ibni Hajar-i-Mekkî 'rahmatullâhi ta'âlâ 'alaih' tias nws tso cai
rau cov Muslims hauv Shafi'î Madhhab ua raws li Hanafî Madhhab
thiab muab nyiaj ntsuab [2] rau cov cuab yeej thiab muab rau ib lossis ntau chav kawm ntawm
cov neeg uas lawv xaiv es tsis txhob muab rau tag nrho xya chav kawm.
Nws yog sau nyob rau hauv lub thib peb caug nplooj ntawm lub thib ob ntim ntawm Durrul-mukhtâr: "Lub dirham-i-shar'î yog siv thaum lub nisâb ntawm zakât yog.
yuav suav nyiaj. Kuj tseem muaj cov (savants)
leej twg tau hais tias 'urfî dirham siv nyob rau hauv txhua lub nroog yuav siv tau
rau zakât." Hauv kev piav qhia cov kab no, Ibni 'Âbidîn sau: “Cov
savants uas hais tias dirham siv nyob rau hauv txhua lub nroog yuav siv tau,
ntxiv: Tsis tau qhov hnyav ntawm dirhams siv yuav tsum tsis txhob tsawg tshaj li qhov
lightest ib ntawm peb hom dirham siv thaum lub sij hawm ntawm
Rasûlullah 'sall Allâhu' alaihi wa sallam'. Lub lightest dirham
hnyav ib nrab ib mithqâl, ie kaum qirâts. Txwv tsis pub, nws yuav tsum yog
suav nrog lub dirham-i-shar'î, uas hnyav kaum plaub qirâts.
Feem coob ntawm Hanafî savants qhia no dirham. Qhov no yog dirham
txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv ntawm cov laus thiab cov tshiab. " Raws li yog
pom, zakât tsis tuaj yeem suav nrog dirhams uas tau siv hauv a
lub teb chaws nyob rau lub sij hawm qub thiab uas tau raug hloov tom qab los yog nrog
cov tshiab uas hnyav dua li dirham-i-shar'î. Rau qhov no
yog vim li cas, nws yog tsis tso cai rau xam lub nisâb ntawm zakât nyob rau hauv nyiaj
nrog lub dirhams ntawm Istanbul lossis Egypt tam sim no. Nws yog tsim nyog
suav nrog dirham-i-shar'î, uas hnyav peb grams thiab
peb caug-rau centigrams [3.36 g.].
Raws li feem ntau ntawm cov 'Ulamâ, zakât ntawm kub thiab
nyiaj yuav tsum tau them, tsis hais tus qauv lossis cov duab lawv nyob hauv thiab
lub hom phiaj lawv tau siv rau. Hauv kev lees paub kev tsis sib haum xeeb (los ntawm
lub 'Ulamâ) nyob rau hauv Shafi'î Madhhab thiab nyob rau hauv lub Hanbalî Madhhab,
zakât tsis yog them rau kub thiab nyiaj uas cov poj niam siv rau ornament.
Vim kub thiab nyiaj yog mos thaum lawv ntshiab, lawv
tsis tuaj yeem siv ua nyiaj ntsuab lossis ua khoom dai. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv alloys
[1] Sau los ntawm Ahmad bin Turkî.
[2] 'Kub' lossis 'nyiaj' txhais tau tias yog 'nyiaj', tsis yog 'sau' lossis 'npib'.
tov nrog hlau xws li tooj liab. Kub thiab nyiaj alloys ntau dua
tshaj li tsib caug feem pua kub thiab nyiaj, uas yog, nrog ntau tshaj kaum ob
carats, raug txiav txim kom dawb huv. Lawv qib ntawm purity tsis raug coj mus
rau hauv kev txiav txim siab. Tab sis cov alloys ib nrab lossis tsawg dua uas yog kub lossis
nyiaj zoo li cov khoom lag luam. [Nws yog sau nyob rau hauv ib tug fatwâ ntawm
Ebussu'ûd Efendi 'rahmatullâhi ta'âlâ 'alaih' uas nyob rau lub sijhawm
Sultan Süleyman lub Magnificent 'rahmatullâhi ta'âlâ 'alaih' lub
nisâb ntawm nyiaj yog 840 aqchas, uas txhais tau hais tias ib tug aqcha yog a
nyiaj npib ntawm 0.24 dirhams, piv txwv li, yim caum centigrams (0.8 g.)].
Abdurrahman Şeref Bey hais hauv nws phau ntawv, Târih-i Devlet-i
Osmâniyye (History of the Ottoman Empire) luam tawm xyoo 1309
[1892 AD]: “Thaum lub caij nyoog ntawm Süleyman the Magnificent, peb
aqchas tau raug minted tawm ntawm ib dirham nyiaj. Tom qab 1100
[1688 AD], cov nyiaj tau poob qis los ntawm ib qho thib rau. Nws yog
sau rau ntawm Ottoman Calendar hnub tim 1308 [1891 AD] ntawd
ib daim yog peb aqchas thiab ib qho aqcha sib npaug peb fulûs."
Tus nqi ntawm cov cuab yeej ua lag luam, piv txwv li nws tus nqi yuav khoom ntawm tus
lub sij hawm ntawm kev xam ntawm lub nisâb, yog xam nyob rau hauv kub los yog nyiaj
nyiaj siv los yuav thiab muag, thiab ib qho raws li nws
mus txog tus nqi ntawm nisâb ua ntej yog yuav tsum tau coj raws li lub hauv paus rau lub
xam (ob qho tib si hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm hnub uas nws
ua fard them tus zakât thiab nyob rau hauv tus nqi yuav tsum tau them.) Yog hais tias nws
sib npaug tus nqi ntawm nisâb raws li ib tug ntawm lawv, nws
yog yuav suav nrog ib qho uas yog qhov zoo dua rau qhov
pluag. Nws tsis suav nrog kub lossis nyiaj uas tsis siv rau
nyiaj. Tus nqi yog xam nrog tus nqi qis tshaj
ntawm cov nyiaj kub thiab nyiaj tau los ntawm tsoomfwv.
Tus nqi yog xam rov qab raws li tus nqi tam sim no ntawm tus
hnub thaum nws zakât ua fard raws li ib tug uas nws
tau thawj zaug suav, piv txwv li thaum ib xyoos tau dhau mus dhau lub
nisâb, thiab ib-fortieth ntawm tus nqi tshiab, piv txwv li ntawm nws cov nqi tam sim no ntawm
muas, los yog ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej, yog muab. Ntawm qhov chaw kub thiab
nyiaj tam sim no tsis siv los ua nyiaj, lwm yam hlau npib thiab daim ntawv nqi
yog sib npaug rau kub. Lub nisâb rau cov khoom lag luam yuav
nrog xws li nyiaj los yog rau daim ntawv nqi los yog rau fitra los yog qurbân yog, raws li
mus rau Shaikhayn (Imam-i-a'zam thiab Imam-i-Abû Yusuf
'rahmatullâhi ta'âlâ alaihimâ'), suav hauv ib qho uas muaj
tus nqi qis tshaj ntawm cov nyiaj npib uas raug cai. Nws ua tsis tau
suav nyiaj. Nws tau sau rau hauv Kashf-ur-rumûz-i-ghurer:
[1] “Tau
tus nqi ntawm cov khoom yog txiav txim nrog kub los yog nyiaj ".
[1] Sau los ntawm 'Abd-ul-Halîm, Mufti ntawm Damascus.
Txawm lawv muaj pes tsawg, zakât tsis them rau tsev,
cov tsev apartment, mechanical implements, machinery, lathes,
lorries, nkoj, lossis rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev, thaum lawv tsis yog rau
kev lag luam, uas yog, kev muag khoom. Artisans, manufacturers, thiab producers muab
zakât ntawm raw khoom thiab ntau lawm. Zakât tsis them rau kev kho
cov khoom muaj nqis. Tsis yog nws muab rau dab tsi yog tseg rau siv nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev los ntawm
cov khoom lag luam lossis cov kev xav tau hauv tsev ib xyoos tshwj tseg
los ntawm kev lag luam khoom noj. Qhov ntawd yog, tag nrho cov no thiab cov nuj nqis yuav tsum tau them rov qab
tsis suav nrog hauv kev suav ntawm nisâb. Txhua yam kub, nyiaj thiab
daim ntawv hom nyiaj uas ib tug khaws nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav yuav tag nrho cov
cov khoom los yog yuav cov cuab yeej ntawm kev noj haus, xws li khoom noj, dej haus,
khaub ncaws thiab vaj tse, suav nrog hauv kev suav ntawm nisâb. Qhov ntawd
yog, lawv zakât yuav tsum tau them.
Ibni 'Âbidîn 'rahmatullâhi ta'âlâ 'alaih' hais tias: Yog tias tus nqi ntawm
ib tug coj mus muag khoom tsis muaj nqi rau nisâb raws li
rau kub thiab nyiaj thiab yog hais tias ib tug kuj muaj kub thiab nyiaj, ib tug ntxiv cov
tus nqi ntawm cov cuab yeej rau tus nqi ntawm cov kub thiab nyiaj rau
ua kom tiav nisab. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias ib tug muaj nplej rau muag lub
tus nqi ntawm uas yog ib puas dirhams ntawm nyiaj, thiab tsib mithqâls ntawm
kub tus nqi uas yog pua dirhams ib yam nkaus, ib tug yuav tsum them
zaj. Rau qhov sum ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov kub thiab cov nplej yog ob
puas dirhams raws li nyiaj thiab qhov no sib npaug lub nisâb.
Tus neeg uas muaj kub xwb, them zakât kub. Nws them tsis tau
nws tus nqi hauv nyiaj. Tsis tuaj yeem zakât ntawm cov nyiaj them rau kub. Ib tug neeg
leej twg muaj nyiaj kub los yog nyiaj ntawv xwb, thiab leej twg tsis tau
muaj cov khoom lag luam, tsis tuaj yeem muab lwm yam khoom raws li nws cov zakât. Nws
yog sau nyob rau hauv Shenblâlî phau ntawv Marâqilfalâh: "Hloov kub thiab
nyiaj nws tau txais los muab lawv cov nqi hauv urûz, [uas yog, txhua yam
ntawm cov khoom muaj sia nyob lossis tsis muaj sia nyob uas tsis yog kub thiab nyiaj.]” Tab sis yog
tib nplooj ntawv nyeem tag nws yuav to taub tias nws yog
raug muab tawm ntawm ib lub lag luam khoom es tsis txhob kub thiab
nyiaj. Raws li qhov tseeb, Tahtâwî ntxiv cov lus piav qhia hauv qab no
hauv nws cov lus piav qhia rau phau ntawv ntawd: “Uruz txhais tau tias kev lag luam
khoom.” Raws li tau hais meej meej hauv txhua phau ntawv ntawm fiqh, tus neeg ua lag luam
leej twg muaj kev lag luam khoom vaj khoom tsev nrog rau kub thiab nyiaj, txawm tias
txhua tus ntawm lawv yog sib npaug rau tus nqi ntawm nisâb los ntawm nws tus kheej, tuaj yeem them
zakât rau nws kub thiab nyiaj tawm ntawm nws cov khoom lag luam.
Thaum tham txog zakât ntawm yaj, Ibni Âbidîn
'rahmatullâhi ta'âlâ 'alaih' hais tias: Hloov cov khoom muag uas
yuav tsum muab raws li zakât, 'ushr, kharâj, fitra, nazr los yog kaffârat, nws yog
tso cai muab lawv qhov sib npaug hauv tus nqi. Ntawd yog, muaj raws li
lawv tej zaum yuav, ib tug yuav muab zakât khoom ntawm tib yam los yog
txawv hom lossis kub lossis nyiaj ntawm tib tus nqi. [Nws yuav yog
piav qhia tom qab ntawm daim ntawv nyiaj tsis tuaj yeem muab.] Tus nqi ntawm
tus tsiaj raug xam raws li tus nqi tam sim no ntawm hnub
thaum nws yuav muab. Peb cov yaj rog tuaj yeem muab tau los ntawm plaub
yaj nruab nrab. Tab sis qhov sib npaug ntawm tib yam tsis tuaj yeem muab
es tsis yog cov khoom uas ntsuas los ntawm qhov hnyav lossis ntim. Lawv
sib npaug ntawm ib hom sib txawv tuaj yeem muab. Zakât kub thiab
nyiaj yog muab rau hauv qhov hnyav, uas yog, los ntawm kev hnyav. Tab sis zakât ntawm cov qoob loo uas
yog npaj rau kev lag luam yog muab los ntawm ntim. Qhov sib npaug ntawm tib yam
zoo rau tej yam uas ntsuas los ntawm qhov hnyav los yog ntim
tsis tuaj yeem muab, rau qhov kev coj ua no suav nrog kev txaus siab. Piv txwv li,
es tsis txhob tsib dirhams ntawm nyiaj alloyed nrog tooj liab, plaub dirhams
ntawm cov nyiaj dawb huv uas muaj nqi tib yam yuav muab tsis tau. Tsib
dirhams ntawm qis carat nyiaj tuaj yeem muab es tsis txhob tsib dirhams
ntawm cov nyiaj dawb huv. Tab sis nws yog makrûh kom paub ua li ntawd. Hloov ntawm tsib
kilograms ntawm cov nplej tsis zoo, plaub kilograms ntawm zoo
nplej uas muaj nqi tib yam yuav muab tsis tau. Nws yog tsim nyog
muab ib phaus ntxiv. Tab sis thaum muab lwm yam
coj mus muag khoom raws li zakât ntawm ib yam ntawm cov no nws yog muab raws li
rau nws cov nqi ntawm kev yuav khoom hauv lub tebchaws uas muaj kev txhawj xeeb. Rau
Piv txwv li, yog ib lub pitcher nyiaj uas hnyav ob puas dirhams yog
tsim nyog peb puas dirhams ntawm tus account ntawm kos duab los yog handicraft nws
dais, tsib dirhams nyiaj yuav tsum muab raws li nws zakât. Kub muaj nqis
tsib dirhams nyiaj tsis tuaj yeem muab hloov pauv. Nws yog tsim nyog los muab
kub muaj nqis xya thiab ib nrab dirhams ntawm nyiaj. Yog ib tug muaj ob tug kub
thiab nyiaj txhua tus nqi rau nisâb ib tug muab lawv zakâts
cais los ntawm qhov hnyav, tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, uas yog, tus neeg uas muaj
ob qho tib si kub thiab nyiaj tso cai rau xam lawv tus nqi thiab muab
nyob rau hauv ib tug txawm hais tias lawv yog tus nqi ntawm nisâb, yog nws yuav
ua kom zoo dua ntawm cov neeg pluag, uas yog, tam sim no yuav tsum
muab. Yog ib tug muaj kub thiab nyiaj ib los yog ob qho tib si uas tsawg
tshaj tus nqi ntawm nisâb thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no lub nisâb ntawm ib tug ntawm lawv
tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev suav ib qho nrog rau lwm tus, nws
tuaj yeem muab rau lwm tus thiab. Tseem, ib tug yuav tsum xam
thiab muab tus uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg pluag. [Thov saib
tshooj 5.] Yog tus nqi ntawm ib lub pitcher nyiaj hnyav ib puas
dirhams yog ob puas dirhams tshuav rau kev ua haujlwm, nws
zakât tsis yog vim. Rau, zakât yog xam raws li qhov hnyav. A
tus neeg, leej twg muaj puas tsib caug dirhams nyiaj thiab tsib
mithqâls ntawm kub tus nqi ntawm uas yog plaub caug dirhams, yuav tsum muab
zaj. Rau, txawm tias tag nrho cov nyiaj suav los ntawm qhov sib ntxiv ntawm
kub rau nyiaj tsis npaum li nisâb, tus nqi tag nrho
xam los ntawm qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov nyiaj mus rau kub ncav lub
nisb. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg muaj cuaj caum-tsib dirham nyiaj thiab ib mithqâl
ntawm kub thiab yog hais tias tus nqi ntawm ib mithqâl ntawm kub yog tsib dirhams ntawm
nyiaj, nws complements lub nisâb ntawm kub thiab yog li ntawd nws them zakât.
Yog hais tias ib tug neeg faib nyiaj ntau lab rau cov neeg pluag yam tsis tau tshwj tseg ib zaug ntxiv nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm zakât lossis tsis xav them
zakât thaum lub sij hawm muab rau cov neeg pluag, nws yuav tsis tau them zakât.
Rau, nws yog fard los npaj thaum tshwj tseg (tus nqi them) lossis
muab rau nws deputy los yog rau cov neeg pluag los yog rau cov neeg pluag deputy.
Yog hais tias cov nyiaj los yog cov cuab yeej ua lag luam ib tus tau txo qis thiab
ua tsawg tshaj li nisâb los yog nce ua ntej ib xyoos muaj
elaped tom qab lub sij hawm nws mus txog tus nqi ntawm nisâb, qhov no tsis
cuam tshuam. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, yog hais tias nws tsis tsawg tshaj li tus nqi ntawm
nisâb thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo zakât ntawm tus nqi muaj yog yuav
them. Ib tug tsis txiav tus nqi ntawm cov nyiaj uas yuav
tsim nyog yuav khoom xws li khoom noj, khaub ncaws thiab vaj tse lossis them
kev xauj tsev los ntawm cov nyiaj uas ib tug muaj nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo.
Tom qab them zakât ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj ib tug siv cov seem
yuav cov khoom no. Hauv Madhâhib ntawm Hanafî thiab Shafi'î, yog tias
nisâb depleted los yog ib tug depletes nws ua ntej lub xyoo kawg,
uas yog, yog hais tias ib tug tsis muaj tus nqi ntawm nisâb lawm, lub
yav dhau los nisâb lapses. Yog hais tias tus nqi muaj mus txog lub nisâb
dua ib tug tos rau lwm xyoo, thiab yog hais tias ib tug tseem muaj lub nisâb ntawm lub
kawg ntawm lub xyoo, ib tug reserves nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm zakât ib
plaub caug ntawm yam uas ib tug muaj thiab muab rau nws. Hauv Mâlikî thiab Hanbalî
Madhâhib rooj plaub no tib yam yog hais tias lub nisâb depleted. Tab sis yog ib
depletes lub nisâb thiaj li evade them zakât yav dhau los
nisâb tsis ua void. Yog tias ib tug tau txais ntau qhov ntau ntawm
nyiaj lossis khoom vaj khoom tsev[1] tom qab ib xyoos thiab ob peb hnub dhau los, qhov
zakât ntawm qhov nyiaj ntxiv no tsis tas yuav them tam sim ntawd.
Nws zakât ntxiv rau xyoo tom ntej zakât yog nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd
tseem muaj cov nyiaj ntawd thiab. Ib qho qiv vim ib qho thiab ib yam dab tsi
uas ib tug tau txais yog qhov sib txawv. Nws yog sau nyob rau hauv lub yim caum-rau-th
nplooj ntawv ntawm phau ntawv Jâmi'-ur-rumûz[2]: “Cov khoom ntawd yog
[1] ntxiv rau tus nqi ntawm nisâb uas ib tug twb muaj
[2] Ib nqe lus uas Shems-ad-dîn Muhammad bin Husâm-ad-dîn
Quhistânî 'rahmatullâhi 'alaih', (d. 962 [1555 AD], Bukhâra,) sau
rau phau ntawv Nikâya, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog nws tus kheej ib tug commentary sau los ntawm
'Ubeydullah bin Mes'ûd rau phau ntawv Wikâya, uas nws yawg
Mahmud bin Sadr-ush-sharî'at-ul-awwal Ahmad bin 'Ubeydullah
Mahbûbî 'rahmatullâhi ta'âlâ 'alaih', (martyred in 673 [1274 AD] los ntawm
cov Mongolian hordes,) tau sau rau nws.
tau ua ntej ib xyoos tau dhau mus tom qab ib tus muaj tus nqi ntawm
nisâb, xws li cov khoom lag luam yuav, tsiaj nyaum ntawm pasture
(Sâima), kub thiab nyiaj tau los ntawm yug, khoom plig, qub txeeg qub teg los yog
bequest, txawm tias lawv tau txais thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo yog heev
nyob ze, muaj nyob rau hauv lub nisâb ntawm lawv tus kheej hom thiab zakât ntawm lub
sum yog muab rau tib lub sijhawm. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov uas yog
tau tom qab lub xyoo dhau los tsis suav nrog hauv nisâb. Qhov ntawd
yog, lawv tsis suav nrog (yav tas los) xyoo zakât tab sis sab laug
tshaj rau zakât ntawm xyoo tom ntej. Nws kuj txhais tau tias yog lawv
tau los ntawm ib tug uas tsis muaj lub nisâb lawv zakât yog tsis mus
tau them xyoo ntawd. "
Ntshai Bliss
