Utsamunda kuchokera muzu umatanthauza kufunafuna kutukuka, kutukuka mofunitsitsa. Pankhani za ndale, kulamulira dziko lamphamvu pa dziko lofooka pofuna kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe ndi chuma cha dziko monyengerera kuti abweretse chitukuko.
Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mawu oti colonialism pa ndale kwenikweni akutanthauza njira zaulamuliro wa mayiko omwe ali ndi mphamvu pazandale, monga maiko ena akumadzulo omwe ali ndi madera odalira. Utsamunda makamaka ndi ntchito ya mayiko omwe maufumu awo apanyanja ndi zolakwika za nthaka zimalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lophatikizana la ndale, monga maufumu a nthaka.
Lingaliro lachitsamunda lerolino likugwirizana kwathunthu ndi lingaliro la imperialism, ndipo chikoloni ndi ntchito yaulamuliro wa imperialist, mphamvu yomwe ikufuna kugonjetsa malire a dziko ndi mafuko ndikulamulira mayiko, mayiko ndi mafuko ena.
Ngakhale kuti chikoloni chili ndi mbiri yakale, mbiri ya malingaliro ake atsopano imayamba m'zaka za zana la 16 ndi 17. Mbiri ya chitsamunda kuyambira nthawi zakale ikhoza kugawidwa m'zigawo zinayi, nthawi zitatu zoyambirira, zomwe zimatchedwa kuti chikoloni chakale, ndi nthawi yachinayi. amadziwika kuti New colonialism.
Ukoloni Wakale ndi nthawi yoyamba yautsamunda padziko lapansi. Mbiri ya utsamunda imayamba ndi kuukira kwa Afoinike m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean.
Nthawi yachiwiri ya chitsamunda padziko lonse lapansi m'zaka za zana la 15 ndi 16 Madera aku Italy adamaliza nthawi yautsamunda, likulu lake lomwe linali nyanja ya Mediterranean, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo mbiri yautsamunda yakhala pa Atlantic-Indian axis, kenako Pacific Ocean. Ndi kuyambira nthawi imeneyi kuti chikoka cha ku Ulaya chikufalikira m'mayiko omwe si a ku Ulaya. Kupezeka kwa Continental United States kunachititsa kuti maboma akuluakulu a ku Ulaya (Spain, Portugal, France, England, Netherlands) alande madera amene angopezeka kumene a kontinentiyo, kuyambira ndi ulamuliro wa atsamunda watsopano ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ufumu watsopano.
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, France, England ndi Netherlands adalowa m'munda wotsatira Spain ndi Portugal, ndikupereka madera angapo komanso msika wogwira ntchito ku North America, West Indies, Coasts of Africa ndi Asia.
Pambuyo pa nthawi imeneyo, nkhondo za atsamunda zinayamba, ndipo nkhondo zingapo zapakati pa mayiko a ku Ulaya zinayambitsa utsamunda. England idalimbana kulanda malonda m'mabanki aku Africa ndi India ndi France, ndipo pamapeto pake, madera aku France m'zigawo zambiri adayikidwa moyang'aniridwa ndi UK. Zaka za m'ma 17 inali nthawi ya kukula kofulumira kwa ndale zachitsamunda, ndipo zinthu ziwiri zidathandizira kwambiri kupambana kwaulamuliro wa atsamunda, imodzi inali mphamvu yankhondo yapamadzi yowononga opikisana nawo, ndipo ina, kupanga kapena kupereka katundu wamakampani kuti azinyamula. M'zaka za m'ma 17 Spain inalibe zonse ziwiri, ndipo dziko la Netherlands silinapikisane ndi France ndi England, ndipo chifukwa chake, maboma awiriwa anakhala mayiko akuluakulu atsamunda. Nthawi imeneyi ya mbiri ya atsamunda inatha chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 18.
Nthawi yachitatu ya atsamunda padziko lapansi, idayamba m'zaka za 19th ndi 20th ndi Kukula kwamalonda azachuma kudapangitsa Kusintha kwa Industrial Revolution ndikusintha maziko azachuma ndi ndale amayiko achitsamunda, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito chuma cha atsamunda kunakula kwambiri, ndipo maikowa adakhala magwero azinthu zopangira. mafakitale a mayiko olemera ndi msika wa zinthu zawo. Nthawi ya zigawenga za ku Ulaya inatsagana ndi funde la ufulu wa madera. United States of America (umene kale unali chigawo cha Britain ku North America) anatsogolera, ndipo anatsatira zigawenga ndi magulu ankhondo a ku Central ndi South America, omwe anawononga utsamunda wa Spain ndi Portugal.
Zaka zoyambirira za zaka za m'ma 19 zinatsagana ndi chitukuko cha madera aku Britain ku Canada komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa madera atsopano ku Australia, South Africa ndi New Zealand. Kusamuka kwakukulu komwe kunachitika pakati pa zaka za zana lino ndi kuchuluka kwa kufunikira kwa mafakitale ku England kwa chakudya ndi zida zopangira zidapangitsa kuti maderawa akhale ulamuliro waukulu womwe maboma awo anali odziyimira pawokha. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, zokonda zamalonda za ku Britain zinakulitsa uyang’aniro wa boma wa madera otentha ndi kukhazikitsa “madera ang’onoang’ono” motsogozedwa ndi Unduna wa Atsamunda wa ku Britain.
Amereka; Atsamunda amenenso anakhala atsamunda m’chigawo chomalizira cha zaka za zana la 19, chinawukanso chifukwa cha kukula kwa mafakitale ndi ukapitalizimu, ndipo chifukwa cha chimenecho, ukulu wa chisonkhezero cha Chifalansa kumpoto kwa Africa unakulitsidwa, ndipo boma limeneli linalamulira ndi kuyang’anira madera aakulu a Kumpoto kwa Africa. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, kugawidwa kwa maiko a ku Africa pakati pa maiko atsamunda kunakhala kofala, ndipo pamapeto pake, mitundu yatsopano ya madera inapezeka ngati otetezera ndi magawo a chikoka. Mkangano pazilumba za Pacific ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo ogulitsa malonda ku China, omwe adatsagana ndi zochitika zaposachedwa, adapanga dziko la United States kukhala dziko latsopano la atsamunda pamalo ankhondo atsamunda. Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse inalinganiza kugawikana kwa madera, kwinaku ndikuwonjezera mtundu watsopano wa koloni ku mitundu yakale, yomwe inali "malo oyang'aniridwa. “Kubuka kwa magulu a mayiko ku Asia ndi Africa, makamaka pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, kunathetsa ulamuliro wautsamunda wa ku Ulaya pa madera ambiri a makontinenti awiriwa, ndipo lerolino, kupatulapo madera ang’onoang’ono ang’onoang’ono m’makontinenti awiriwa, kulibe koloni m’mayiko ena. malingaliro ake akale.
Utsamunda watsopano ndi lingaliro lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zomwe, pambuyo pa nthawi ya atsamunda akale, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulamulira mayiko pazachuma ndi ndale.
Pamodzi ndi zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse komanso kukana kuthekera kolanda maiko mwachindunji komanso mwautsamunda, mfundo zatsopano zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pamutu wautsamunda watsopano, ndipo machitidwe akale achitsamunda adatha. Izi zikuphatikizapo njira monga kupanga kamodzi kwa mayiko a Third World, ndalama zakunja ndi mayiko olemera, ndi zina zotero.
Kulowa maganizo atsopano a chikhalidwe, zachuma ndi ndale m'madera Atsamunda ndi kufalikira kwa magulu otsutsana ndi atsamunda zinali zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuthetsa utsamunda wachikhalidwe. Atsamunda akale, atatuluka m'magulu ake ankhondo ndi nthumwi zodziwika kuchokera kumakoloni, zidabweretsa zokonda zake m'malo awa pobweretsa omvera am'nyumba kuti azipereka.
Kukula kwachuma cha capitalist ndi kutumizira kunja kwa likulu kuti agwiritse ntchito chuma chamayiko ena kudabweretsa ubale wachuma wamayiko otukuka modyera masuku pamutu mu gawo latsopano ndi mayiko ang'onoang'ono, kotero kuti mayiko otukuka, kudzera pakutumiza kwa likulu ndi njira yapadziko lonse yamitengo ndi malonda a zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi ndale ndi zachuma, amapezerapo mwayi pa mayiko omwe akukula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo ubalewu watenga mutu wa "utsamunda watsopano" (neocolonialism) ndipo ambiri atengerapo mwayi maiko otsika. Zakwiyitsa mayiko ang'onoang'ono ndi omasulidwa kumene kutsutsana ndi ubale woterewu wa ndale ndi zachuma.
Njira ya "neo-colonial" imapangitsa maiko ofooka kukhalabe kapena kubwereranso kumayambiriro kwa kukula kwachuma, ngakhale kuti ali ndi ufulu weniweni kapena wakunja wa ndale, ndipo mosiyana, mayiko apamwamba amapindula kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito chuma chawo komanso kudzera mu malonda a zachuma.
Utsamunda unabadwira kumaiko akumadzulo, koma mwana wapathengo ameneyu anakuliranso kum’maŵa. Kukhalapo kwa atsamunda ku Middle East kudachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zachilengedwe zofewa komanso zonyezimira, zomwe sizinapangitse kulanda nkhondo ya Atsamunda-afisi ochokera kumadera amenewa.
United States yomwe ili kutsogolo ndi United Kingdom kumbuyo kwa chitsamunda cha derali, poyang'ana momwe United Kingdom ilipo m'derali ndikuzindikiritsa kayendetsedwe kake mu nthawi zosiyanasiyana, ikhoza kupangidwira njira yowonjezera komanso yamphamvu yolimbana ndi kayendetsedwe ka atsamunda, ndipo mpaka pano, kupereka chidwi chachikulu ndi cholondola pa mfundoyi. ankakhulupirira kuti chidwi cha England pa ulamuliro wa chigawo sichinangochepa, koma atsamunda akale adakonzekera mapulani atsopano olamulira kwambiri derali. Dziko lino lili ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan lomwe lilipo, latembenuza maso adyera ku mayiko ena aulere m'derali ndikuyesera kuwawononga.
Inde, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti mu masewera atsopanowa, England nthawi zambiri amasewera gawo la njira ndi kumbuyo, ndipo America ndi nsonga ya kuukira ndi chishango cha mliri wa England, Pamene mapulani atsopano akukhala ovuta komanso ovuta kwambiri. itatsekedwa, imachoka mwaluso, ndikusiya United States yokha m'mavuto komanso pakati pa adani ake.
M'njira yatsopano yautsamunda kuchokera ku kuwuka ndi kusintha kodzidzimutsa kwa maiko oyenera, amapezerapo mwayi pamlengalenga ndi kulanda zomwe akwaniritsa pakusintha kwawo kuti apindule nawo. Choncho, zadziwika kuti mayendedwe a dziko amathandizidwa ndi imperialism ya Kumadzulo ndipo achoka panjira yonse ya kusintha.
Uwu ndiye mtundu watsopano wautsamunda womwe umabweretsa zovuta zosalimba pazachuma za anthu komanso tsogolo la ndale za maboma atsopano pambuyo pa kusinthaku. M'malo mwake, chidole chidzayamba kulamulira komanso chifukwa cha Kusazindikira kwa anthu pabwaloli, komanso ndi manja awo, ndiye kuti tsoka lalikulu la dziko lomwe likukhudzidwa lidzatsimikiziridwa. Kuvala yunifolomu yoteteza ndikunamizira kuteteza zofuna za anthu ndi ntchito ya atsamunda atsopano.
