Peji (7-12)
Maiva mumwedzi weRamadan mugore rechipiri remwedzi weRamadan
Hegira payakasvika kure kure kubhadhara zakât. Zakât ine fard imwe chete: Ndiyo
kuchengetera pane imwe nguva chitsama chakati chepfuma ye
zakât, inova pfuma yemunhu yakazara uye yasvika kune
huwandu hwe nisâb,[1] nechinangwa che zakât, uye kuzvipa
avo vakaraira vaMuslim sezvavakarairwa. Full property zvinoreva
pfuma yemunhu yakauya kuburikidza ne halâl (zviri pamutemo)
zvinoreva uye zvinogoneka uye halâl (inotenderwa) kuti munhu ashandise.
Pfuma yewaqf haisi yemunhu. Kana imwe isina kusanganisa
pfuma yemunhu ane haramu zvinhu zvakadai
inowanikwa kuburikidza nekubvuta, kuba, chiokomuhomwe, kubhejera kana kutengesa
doro, kana mumwe asina kusanganisa kune mumwe kune mumwe kune maharâm iwayo
zvinhu izvo munhu akawana kubva kuvanhu vakasiyana, zvakadai
pfuma haimbovi pfuma yemunhu. Haisi halal kune imwe
kuashandisa kana kuti kuvaita raramo yemunhu. Poshi
havakwanise kuzvishandisa kugadzira mamosque kana mune mamwe mabasa ehumwari. It
hazvisi kure kuti munhu abhadhare zakât yavo. Kureva kuti havana kuverengwa
mukuverenga nisâb ye zakât. Kana varidzi vavo kana vadyi venhaka yavo
Zvinozivikanwa kuti zviri kure kuti munhu adzosere zvinhu izvozvo kwavari. Kana varivo
hazvizikanwi kuti munhu anogona kugovera (harâm) pfuma yese
varombo sechipo kunyange munhu (achiri) achifanira kuripa
zvinhu kana, gare gare, varidzi vazvo kana vadyi venhaka vevaridzi vazvo vakaoneka
nechido chemuripo. Kana zvinhu zvacho zvisingagari
uye zvichashata kusvika munhu awana varidzi vazvo, zvinotenderwa
[1] Ndisiireiwo kumuganhu. Muganhu uri pakati pehupfumi nehurombo
zvakatemwa naIs lam is ter med ni sab.
shandisai uye kuzoripira pashure, ndiko kuti, kuripa
zvakaenzana kana, kana zvakaenzana zvisingawanikwe, kubhadhara
ivo. Ndokumbira uone tsananguro yeMulk-i-khabîth yakapihwa mumapeji
mberi uye zvakare muchitsauko chemakumi mana nechipiri chefascicle yekutanga ye
Endless Bliss. Munhu ane mugove mukambani ye
kutengeserana, kana mugove wake wakaenzana ne nisâb, anofanira kuverenga
zakât yemugove wake uye uripe. Ibni 'Âbidîn anoti munyaya ye
Bey' wa Shirâ (kutenga nokutengesa)[1]: “Vakuru vechitendero havasi
vanobvumirwa kutengesa zvinhu zvavanofanira kuwana kubva kune vanonamata
nheyo dzisati dzadzitora. Nokuti, kunyange ivo
ikodzero dzakakodzera, zvinhu zvine kodzero kumunhu kuita
haafaniri kuva pfuma yake asati adzitora. The
nhapwa (ghanîma) dzakatorwa kubva kumuvengi ndedze
varwi pavanoendeswa kuDâr-ul-islâm. Asi vanodaro
kwete kuva pfuma yavo vasati vagovaniswa muzvikamu uye
kuparadzirwa.” Nechikonzero ichi, mihoro uye mihoro kuti civil
vashandi nevashandi vanofanira kugamuchira usave wavo
pfuma vasati vaigamuchira. Zakât yemuhoro kana muhoro
haipiwi isati yatambirwa. Mari yakabviswa kwavari
nemibatanidzwa kana makambani einishuwarenzi, kana zvakabviswa pakuchengetedza,
zvisungo, hazvina kubatanidzwa mukuverenga zakât. Kana zvadaro
yakagamuchirwa makore gare gare, mari chete yakagamuchirwa inowedzerwa kune yakakosha
huwandu hwezakat yegore. Mhosva haina kudaro nemabhondi
inotorwa sechitsinhano chezvinotengeswa. Izvi uye masheya uye securities
zvinosanganisirwa muzakat gore rega rega.
Ma'ulama eHanafi Madhhab akataura kuti ifard
muMuslim wese wechirume kana wechikadzi ari mukallaf, kureva kuti, ndiani
akangwara uye asvika zera rokuyaruka [zera raanoita kana kuti
atanga kuva junub uye anofanira kushambidza
ghusl], uye ndiani akasununguka, kubhadhara zakât kana aine
mamiriro. Kubhadhara zakât zvakakosha kuisa zvinhu mu
fuma yomurombo, ndiko kuti, kuigamuchidza kwaari. Kana murombo
uye walî yenherera yakangwara inomupa chikafu, izvi hazviverengeki sezakat.
Asi kana akapa nherera zvokudya, kana walî akafuka
nherera, zakât yabhadharwa. Kana achidya nenherera yevarombo ndiani
haasati asvika zera rekuziva, abhadhara zakât. Kuva a
walî zvinogoneka nekuitwa muchengeti wenherera ne
baba venherera kana nomutongi. Nokuti munhu akagadzwa ane
kodzero yekutora zvipo zvekupihwa nherera nekupa
kwaari, anogonawo kutenga zvipfeko, zvokudya nezvimwe zvinodiwa
[1] Ndapota ona chitsauko chemakumi maviri nepfumbamwe cheBey' naShirâ.
zvinhu nezakât yake, (yaanofanira kubhadhara) uye ozvipa
iye. Zvakanyorwa muBezzâziyya kuti kuchengetwa kunopiwa munhu
hama dzine urombo nechisarudzo chemutongi chinofananidzwa neizvi. Zvakadaro
zakât inotarisirwa (kubhadharwa) kune vamwe varombo inofanira kubhadharwa
(chete kubva kumidziyo yezakat ine chekuita) pasina chero
kutsiva. Imâm Nasafî 'rahmatullâhi 'alaih' akanyora muZahîra kuti:
zvakanyorwa muZiyâdât[1] kuti mupfumi anenge asina kubhadhara zakât na
kutenga zvokudya nokupa varombo.” Zvakanyorwa muBezzâziyya
uye muFatâwâ-i Hindiyya: “Kana munhu akapa nyama yeQurbân yake
kumurombo nevavariro yezakat yegwai remunhu, hazviiti
kuve zvakât." Zvakanyorwa mu Îdâh[2]: “Zakât inozopihwa kwairi
mwana kana munhu anopenga anogona kupiwa baba vake, kuna vake
hama iri walî yake, kana kuti kumurume wake.”
MuMadhâhib (Madhhab) ese mana, mune marudzi mana e
pfuma ye zakât:
1 – Mhuka dzine makumbo mana dzinofura zvakasununguka muminda
chikamu chikuru chegore.
2 – Ndarama nesirivha.
Munyori weDurr-ul Muntaqâ 'rahmatullâhi 'alaih'[3] anoti:
“Kana inopfuura makarati gumi nemaviri, zakât yegoridhe nesirivha inofanira kubhadharwa,
ingave ichishandiswa semari kana kushandiswa nenzira ye halâl, senge
zvishongo nevakadzi, kana kushandiswa nenzira yeharam, sekupfeka kwevarume
mhete dzegoridhe, kana kuti dzinochengetwa kuti dzitengere pekugara, chikafu kana
machira kana kuti kunyange zviri madikanwa sebakatwa [kana kuti ndarama
zino].” Nokudaro, hazvina kunaka kuti varume vapfeke mhete dzegoridhe. Ndapota onai
mapeji ekupedzisira echitsauko chechipiri chefascicle yechitanhatu ye Endless
Mufaro.
3 - Chivako chekutengesa kana zvinhu zvinotengwa
kutengeserana uye kuchengeterwa kutengeserana.
Ndichiri kutsanangura zvikonzero uye mamiriro ezakat,
Hadrat Ibni 'Âbidîn 'rahmatullâhi 'alaih' akati:
yaifanira kunge yakatengwa nechinangwa chekutengesa. Kunyangwe imwe
inotarisira kutengesa zvinhu zvinobuda munzvimbo dzevhu zvinosungirwa ku
'Ushr, kana iyo inowanikwa kuburikidza nenhaka, kana vane
kuva pfuma yemunhu kana munhu azvigamuchira, sekuti
[1] Yakanyorwa naMuhammad Shaybânî 'rahmatullâhi ta'âlâ'alaih', (135
[752 AD], Wâsit – 189 [805], Ray.)
[2] Kana kuti Izâh, tsananguro, yakapihwa naKermânî, kuMukhtasar-iQudûrî, iyo zvakare yakanyorwa naAbul-Husayn 'Ahmad bin.
Muhammad Baghdî 'rahmatullahi 'alaih'.
[3] Alâ-ud-Dîn Haskafî, (1021, Haskaf – 1088 [1677 AD].)
zvipo uye pfuma, hazvive zvinhu zvekutengesa.
Nokuti, chinangwa chekutengesa chinoshanda chete mukutenga nekutengesa. For
muenzaniso, kana munhu anotora gorosi mumunda make, akaripa
'Ushr kana kuti akawana uruz kuburikidza nenhaka anoichengeta nayo
chinangwa chekuchitengesa, uye kana ichidarika huwandu hwenisâb
uye inochengetwa kweinopfuura gore, hazvidiwi kuripa
saka.” Kana akadzvara mumunda make gorosi raakatenga
kutengesa [kuti atengese], kana kuti achida kushandisa mhuka yacho pachake
kana mucheka waakatenga kuti atengeserwe, hauchisina
pfuma yekutengesa. Kana gare gare achizoda kuitengesa, hazviiti
kuva pfuma yekutengeserana. Zvinhu zvaanowana nokutengesa
iyo kana kuti nekuirenda inova pfuma yekutengeserana. Kana mushure mekutenga
anoda kutengesa pfuma yaanenge atenga kuti ashandise, kana kuti kana
kana achinge awana anoda kutengesa ura yaanenge atora
nenhaka kana zvinhu zvakadai sezvipo, migove nemipiro izvo
ichava pfuma yake nokuzvigamuchira kwake, kana kuti achida kutengesa
gorosi raanowana mumunda wake, haritengeswi
pfuma. Kana akaatengesa uye kana achinge aatengesa anoda
shandisa mukutengeserana urûz iyo (anowana mukuchinjana navo uye
izvo) ndiwo madingindira avo (badals), aya mabhadal (mitengo, kukosha)
kuva pfuma yekutengeserana. Nokuti, kutengeserana ibasa. Hazvidaro
zvinoitika nevavariro chete. Zvinodiwa kuti utange zvakare.
Asi kurega kutengeserana kunoitika chete nechinangwa. Saizvozvo,
kurega kubva pane zvese zvinogona kuitwa nechinangwa chete.
Saizvozvovo, munhu haaite musâfir uye anongosiya kutsanya chete
nechinangwa. Uye asingatendi haave muMuslim kana muMuslim
mhuka saâima[1]. Asi mhedzisiro yeizvi inoitika chete ne
chinangwa. Zvinhu zvemunhu zvegoridhe nesirivha nemari yemapepa ndizvo
pfuma yezakat, nenzira ipi zvayo yaakawana.
4 - Zvinhu zvinobuda kubva kumarudzi ese evhu anodiridzwa
mvura, nzizi kana hova uye izvo zvisingabhadharwi nekharâj, (kunyange
kana dzisiri idzo nyika dzine 'Ushr), kana kubva panyika
kuva veWaqf (vatsvene hwaro). Zakât yavo inonzi
'Ushr. Yakarairwa mune zana nemakumi mana nerimwe âyat
yeAn'âm Sûra yeQur'ân kubhadhara 'Ushr,[2] uye
zvinojekeswa mu hadîth-i-sherîf kupa chegumi. 'Ushr chikamu chimwe mugumi
zvezvirimwa. Asi kharâj inogona kuva chikamu chimwe-chishanu, chimwe-china, chimwe-chetatu, kana
hafu. Zvakakosha kubhadhara iyo 'Ushr kana kharâj yenyika. A
[1] Ona ZAKÂT YEMHUKA, mumapeji anotevera.
[2] “…Idyai zvibereko zvavo nenguva yazvo, asi ipai zvakafanira
zvakakodzera pazuva rokuunganidza kukohwa. …” (6:141)
munhu ane zvikwereti kuvanhu haabvisi mari yacho
chikwereti chake, asi anobhadhara mari chaiyo ye'Ushr yake.
Kune fard imwe muZakat: Kuita chinangwa (niyyat). An
chinangwa chinoitwa nemoyo. Pakuchengeta kana kupa
zakât yepfuma yemunhu, kana munhu akati, “Ndicharipa zakat
nokuda kwaAllah”, uye obva ati munhu anokweretesa kana kuti anomupa se
chipo uchichipa kuvarombo kana kumunhu waanazvo
akagadza mutevedzeri wake kuti aripe kuvarombo panzvimbo yake, ndizvo
zvinogamuchirika. Mashoko haana kukosha. Kana munhu achida zakât uye
pazvipo panguva imwe cheteyo, inova zakât maererano naImâm-iAbû Yûsuf. Maererano naIm-i-Muhammad 'rahmatullâhi ta'âlâ
'alaih', zvisinei, zvipo, uye munhu haana kubhadhara zakât yake. The
chikwereti chezakat chemunhu akafa asina kuchena hachifanirwe kubhadharwa
kubva papfuma yaakasiya. Nokuti, aifanira kunge akafunga
kuita saizvozvo. Vagari venhaka yake vanogona kuripa kubva pazvinhu zvavo. [Muizvi
nyaya iyo isqât[1] yezakat inenge yaitwa]. Kana mumwe achidaro
usafunga uchichengeta zakat kana uchipa kuvarombo
uye inotarisira kwenguva refu mushure mekuipa, inogamuchirwa chero bedzi iyo
pfuma iri mupfuma yomurombo. Chinangwa chinoitwa nemunhu
nepo kupa zakât kune mutevedzeri wemunhu zvakakwana. Hazvidikanwi
kuti mutevedzeri wakewo afunge achipa kuvarombo. Ndizvo zvakare
zvinotenderwa kuti munhu agadze zimmî, kureva kuti, munhu wemunyika uyo
ndewechimwe chitendero, mutevedzeri wake kubhadhara zakât kune
Muslim murombo. Asi hazvitenderwi kutumira zimmî semunhu
mutevedzeri weHajj (pilgrimage). Nokuti, mupfumi chete ndiye anazvo
kuronga zakât. Nekudaro, kuHajj mutevedzeri anofanirawo kuronga.
Kana mupfumi akati (uye achida) kuti chipo kana kuti ndizvo
kaffârat kana kuti chipo paanenge achipa zakât kumutevedzeri wake
uye kana achida kuwana zakat mutevedzeri wake asati apa pamwe chete
yaimbova vavariro kuvarombo, zvichagamuchirwa.
Kana munhu ari mutevedzeri wevapfumi vaviri asanganisa yavo
zakâts nemumwe wavo vasingazvizive vobva vapa
kuvarombo, zakat haina kubhadharwa. Mutevedzeri akapa zvipo.
Mutevedzeri ndiye achabhadhara zakâts. Ndichiri kutsanangura izvi pa
peji regumi nerimwe, Ibni 'Âbidîn anoti: “Akasanganisa zviviri izvi
zvitsama zvezakat mumwe nemumwe, zvava pfuma yake.
Akapa varombo pfuma yake. Kana azvisanganisa nazvo
mvumo yevapfumi vaviri kana kuti awana mvumo
pashure pokuasanganisa uye asati apa kuvarombo, ndizvo
zvinogamuchirika. Zvinotenderwa kumunhu ari mutevedzeri wedare
[1] Ndokumbira uwone chitsauko chemakumi maviri nerimwe che 'isqât'.
murombo kusanganisa zakâts akagamuchira pasina kuvazivisa uye
ipapo kuzoripa kuvarombo. Zvakanzi (nevamwe
savants) kuti zvinotenderwawo kumutevedzeri wevapfumi vaviri
vanhu kuti vabhadhare mushure mekusanganisa pasina mvumo. Kana mupfumi
munhu anoti kune mumwe munhu, [kana kuti anonyorera munhu mupenyu
mhiri kwemakungwa,] “Ipai goridhe rakawanda iri zakât pachinzvimbo changu,” (kana kana iye
anonyorera mumwe ari mune rimwe guta netsamba);
ndarama inotengwa nemari yake uye anopa varombo
zvinogamuchirika. Maererano naImâm-i Yusûf 'rahmatullahi 'alaih', izvi
munhu anozokumbira mari yake kune mupfumi gare gare. Imâm-iMuhammad 'rahmatullahi ta'âlâ 'alaih' akati: “Anogona kukumbira kana
mupfumi akamuudza kuti aizomubhadhara gare gare. Zvikasadaro iye
handigoni kuzvikumbira.” Zvikanzi (by savants) kuti kana mutevedzeri
anopa zakât yaainayo kuvarombo vasina kusarudzwa nevapfumi
munhu uye kana mupfumi akabvumirana nazvo gare gare, zvinogamuchirwa. Kana a
munhu akati (kumutevedzeri wake), “Ipai varombo zvipo zvangu
nokuda,” haanawo kuti, “Ndichakubhadharai gare gare,” iye haasati (ane
to) kumubhadhara. Mupfumi anogona kupa mutevedzeri wake zakât yakawanda saiye
dai ndakagovera kuvarombo. Mutevedzeri wevarombo
vanhu havakwanise kugamuchira zakât inodarika huwandu hwenisâb paumwe neumwe
murombo. Mutevedzeri wemurombo ari kutora zvake (the
poor person's) zakât, zvinoreva kuti murombo ane zvake
zakât. Iyo pfuma inobhadharwa ipapo ipfuma yemurombo. The
zakât haibhadharwe mhuka uye zvinhu zvekutengesa zvea
Waqf, (iyo inotsanangurwa muchitsauko chemakumi mana nechina.)
Endless Bliss
