'Idiplomacy' Ukukhetha kwe-USA eSyria endaweni 'yeAmandla'
Kwiiveki ezimbalwa, i-ajenda yehlabathi ixakeke kumsebenzi wokohlwaywa onokwenziwa yi-USA kurhulumente wase-Assad owasebenzisa izixhobo zekhemikhali kubantu bakhe nge-21st EyeThupha. Nangona kunjalo, uMongameli wase-US uBarack Obama uye walumkisa urhulumente waseSiriya ukuba angasebenzisi izixhobo zekhemikhali, kwaye uye wachaza ukuba uya kutshintsha uluvo lwakhe malunga nokungenelela emkhosini xa kusetyenziswa isixhobo samachiza, kwaye lo "ngumgca obomvu".[1] Kulindeleke ukuba kwi-USA ukuba okwangoku, nkqu i-USA ayifumani nkxaso iyimfuneko kumahlakani ayo kunye noluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe i-USA iza kuwenza lo msebenzi.[2] Ukugcina izixhobo zekhemikhali zaseSyria ziphantsi kolawulo, u-Obama uwuzise lo mbandela kwiCongress ngokusebenzisa idiplomacy, kwaye ucele ukuba enze ivoti igunya lokusebenzisa amandla omkhosi. Ngexesha lenkqubela phambili, uMongameli wase-US u-Barack Obama uye wathi ucele iCongress ukuba ihlehlise ukuvunywa kwesibhengezo esisayilwayo samagunya okusebenzisa amandla omkhosi ngokuchasene neSyria. Ngeli xesha, ukhethe ukulinda isiqinisekiso sokuzaliseka kwesenzo sokuhambisa izixhobo zekhemikhali ngokusebenzisa iSyria enamandla esebenzisana neRussia.[3]
Ukongeza kwinkalo yobuchule kunye nezopolitiko kuphuhliso lwaseSyria, oku kusikhanyisela malunga nokuqonda ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ngokwemilinganiselo yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuba siyawuqonda "umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wokulumkisa wase-US" 'Amandla ahlakaniphile'. ” ingcamango eyasungulwa yi-USA kuluvo lukaBrack Obama kunye nowayesakuba ngunobhala welizwe uHillary Clinton ukusukela ngo-2009, uphuhliso lwaseSyria olufikelela esiphelweni kuMbindi Mpuma, kwaye ngakumbi izizathu zokuba kutheni i-USA ingakulungelanga ukungenelela.
Ileta yowayesakuba nguNobhala weLizwe wase-US uHillary Rodham Clinton ngomhla kaNovemba ka-2011 epapashwe kuMgaqo-nkqubo weZangaphandle enesihloko esithi "iNkulungwane yePasifiki yaseMelika"[4] inokubizwa ngokuba luhlobo lwesibhengezo somgaqo-nkqubo; Ikamva lezopolitiko liya kugqitywa e-Asiya, hayi eAfghanistan okanye eIraq, kwaye iUnited States iya kuba sembindini wesenzo; kananjalo urhulumente Obama ukulungele ukukhomba umngeni okhoyo kunye namathuba e-Asia; urhulumente akaphumeleli nje ekuphumeleleni isihlalo kwi-East Asia Summit, unotyekelo lokuqondisa ngokutsha umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle we-Asia.
Izinto zamandla eziza kusetyenziswa ngamazwe zineentlobo ezininzi zokufezekisa iinjongo zezopolitiko. Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka babale iindleko zamanyathelo athathiweyo ngelixa kufezekiswa injongo okanye emva kokufezekisa iinjongo. Eyona nto ifanelekileyo kulo mxholo “kukufikelela ekujoliswe kuko ngexabiso eliphantsi”. Abadlali bavavanya izixhobo kunye nezinto zamandla eziza kusetyenziswa ngokujoliswe kuko kule ngqiqo, kwaye bakhetha ezona ziphumo zifanelekileyo nezifanelekileyo zithathwa kuzo.[5]
Namhlanje kubukho bezinto ezahlukeneyo zamandla, ezo zinto zamandla zinokubonakaliswa ngeempawu ezahlukeneyo ezifana namandla athambileyo nalukhuni ngokweentlobo zokusetyenziswa. Umlingiswa wamandla utyhilwa ekusebenziseni amandla anzima asekwe ekunyanzelweni, ekudimazekeni, ekoyisweni, kunye nomdlali wamandla athambileyo asekelwe kwingqiqo ukukholisa nokutsala abanye abadlali. Amandla ahlakaniphile acebisa ukucwangcisa uluhlu lwamandla ngokuqwalasela yonke imiba yamandla, emva koko sebenzisa enye okanye imibandela embalwa eyahlukeneyo ngokwenjongo ekhankanyiweyo kunye nomlinganiselo wemfuneko ebekwe yithagethi. Ngamanye amazwi, amandla ahlakaniphile kukuvavanya zonke idiplomatic, ezoqoqosho, ezomkhosi, ezopolitiko, ezomthetho nezenkcubeko ngaxeshanye, kwaye ukhethe isixhobo esifanelekileyo phakathi kwabo kwimeko nganye, okanye wenze ukhetho kumandla kwaye uyisebenzise.[6]
Xa sijonga izimvo zoluntu ngoku, sinokubona ukuba u-Obama uphantsi kokugxekwa kakhulu kwimigaqo-nkqubo yaseMbindi Mpuma evela kwintlangano jikelele.
Kukho iintshukumo ezinkulu kumazwe afana neTunisia, Libya, Egypt, Syria; ezi ntshukumo zithintelwa kwinqanaba kumazwe afana neBahrain, eMorocco, kwaye ngeli xesha, urhulumente wase-US unesimo sengqondo esisisigxina kwaye unobunzima bokuphumeza oku. Ukuzola eMorocco, ukuzama ukwenza kunye namahlakani eLibya, ukutshintsha intetho eYiputa veki nganye, ukuguqula izigqibo zenyanga kumanqaku amabini e-axis, i-US ibangele ukugxeka okunxulumene norhulumente ka-Obama mhlawumbi e-USA okanye kwihlabathi.[7]
Ilahleko ebangelwe yile miba ivele kwindibano ye-USA kwipolitiki yangaphandle kutsha nje ishukumise kakhulu urhulumente ka-Obama. Ukongeza, intlekele yezoqoqosho eYurophu yaqala ukuthintela ingxelo entle ka-Obama enxulumene nekamva loqoqosho e-USA, kwaye oku kubangele ukuba u-Obama abethe ezintandathu kumgaqo-nkqubo welizwe kunye nowangaphandle. Xa sijonga imeko yokugqibela yangoku ka-Obama kwaye namhlanje iinkampani ezithile zophando ngoluvo loluntu zase-USA namhlanje; siyabona ukuba udumo luka-Obama kunye neevoti zokuthembela ziqalwa ukwehla ngaphantsi kwexesha lokugqibela lowayesakuba ngumongameli uBush.[8]
Esona sizathu sibalulekileyo sokuba kutheni umgaqo-nkqubo we-Obama wangaphandle uxhomekeke kumbono omtsha ka-Obama, Amandla aMandla ingcamango; “abadlali kufuneka babale iindleko zamanyathelo athathiweyo ngelixa besiya kufikelela kwinjongo okanye emva kokufezekisa injongo. Eyona nto ifanelekileyo kulo mongo kukubala “ukufikelela usukelo ngexabiso eliphantsi”. Ngaba umongameli u-Obama uya kwenza utshintsho olumandla kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle ophunyezwe kuMbindi Mpuma ngexesha lokuqala likarhulumente lika-2009-2012 okanye ixesha lokugqibela likarhulumente lika-2012 kunye no-2016? Liliphi inyathelo aya kulithatha ngeSyria kwiintsuku ezizayo?
Kwintetho yakhe phambi kweseneti ngaphambi kokuba aqale isikhundla sakhe sokuba nguNobhala weLizwe ngoJanuwari 2009 ebonelela ngebhulorho phakathi kukarhulumente ka-Obama ngokuthandwa kwembono yeSmart Power, uClinton uthe "amandla ahlakaniphile ngumgaqo ongundoqo okhokela inkqubo yangaphandle".[9]
Ukongeza kwinkalo yobuchule kunye nezopolitiko kuphuhliso lwaseSyria, oku kusikhanyisela malunga nokuqonda ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ngokwemilinganiselo yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuba siyawuqonda "umgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wokulumkisa wase-US" 'Amandla ahlakaniphile'. ” ingcamango eyasungulwa yi-USA kuluvo loluntu lwehlabathi luka-Barrack Obama kunye nowayesakuba ngunobhala welizwe u-Hillary Clinton ukususela ngo-2009, uphuhliso lwase-Syria olufikelela esiphelweni kuMbindi Mpuma, kwaye ngakumbi izizathu zokuba kutheni i-USA ingakulungelanga ukungenelela.
Sinoluvo lokuba oyena mgqatswa unamandla weDemokhrasi kwi-USA unyulo ngonyaka ka-2016 uya kuba nguHillary Clinton ngephulo kunye nemisebenzi yenkxaso-mali eyenziwe ixesha elide. UClinton wenze iinzame ezibalulekileyo ngokungamamkeli uNobhala kaRhulumente kwithuba lesibini lika-Obama. Okokuqala, uye wanikela ingqalelo ekumbekeni ecaleni kweli xesha ngokuhlala ngaphandle komgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle ka-Obama ongalunganga. Okwesibini, ulungiselele inkqubo yokusebenza iminyaka emine efumana inkxaso kumxholo wemali kunye nesekela lephulo.[10]
Kwimeko abalandela u-Obama apho ixesha lakhe le-ofisi liya kushiywa kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, i-2016, ukuba uClinton unyulwe njengomongameli, kunokwenzeka ukuba uClinton uyaqhubeka "e-Asia - Pacific" umbono kunye nomsebenzi kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, Asia-Pacific umgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle ojoliswe kwikamva ngumba okhokela ikamva loMbindi Mpuma.
Abagxeki bezopolitiko kunye nombhali-mbali onegalelo elikhulu kunyulo luka-Obama ngo-2009, uNoam Chomsky uchaza “i-USA ekujoliswe kuyo ukulawula amandla ehlabathi, ngenxa yesi sizathu, i-USA kufuneka ikhusele ukuhanjiswa kwamandla kwiintambo zepetroli kuMbindi Mpuma.[11] UChomsky uthe ngenxa yesi sizathu, oku kubangela ukuba i-USA ixabane neChina efuna ukuvuselela iSilk Road.[12]
Isizathu esingaphaya komgaqo-nkqubo we-USA ukujikeleza i-China e-Asia-Pasifiki kukulawula iindlela zamandla kunokufuna imithombo yamandla kuMbindi Mpuma. Umzekelo woku, sinokunika iStrait yeMalacca. Xa siqwalasela ngokwemiqathango yezoqoqosho kunye neqhinga, ezona ndlela zamanzi zibalulekileyo kwihlabathi, iStrait of Malacca iphakathi kweMalaysia neIndonesia. Le ndlela yamanzi idala indlela edlulayo phakathi koLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya kunye noLwandlekazi lwePasifiki.[13]
Imephu.1. Ulwandle lwaseMalacca
umthombo: http://www.itusozluk.com/gorseller/malakka+bo%F0az%FD/76326
(Umhla wofikelelo:12.09.2013)
Idibanisa amazwe apho urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe lubaluleke kakhulu njengeTshayina, iIndiya, iJapan kunye noMzantsi Korea, iStrait yaseMalacca ibonelela malunga nama-25% orhwebo lolwandle lwehlabathi.[14] Kwangaxeshanye, le ndlela yamanzi ikwindawo ephambili yothutho lwamandla ngenxa yokudityaniswa kwabavelisi bepetroleum ngasentshona kubathengi abasempuma. Nangona kunjalo, iChina, iJapan kunye noMzantsi Korea ngabathengi abahamba phambili bepetroli kuMbindi Mpuma. Umzekelo, i-51% yepetroli eya eChina ivela eSaudi Arabia, Kuwait nase-Iran.[15] Kwakhona, ipetroli evela kwi-Arabian Peninsula ibeka emngciphekweni i-87% yepetroli epheleleyo evela eJapan.[16]
Ukuqhagamshela impuma ukuya entshona, iStrait yeMalacca yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yolwandle ngokwamazwe ommandla kunye namanye amagunya amakhulu njengamazwe aselunxwemeni lolwandle ngokwemeko yezoqoqosho okanye yeqhinga. Ngesi sizathu, onke la mazwe aneenzame zokubonelela ngesiphumo kwiStrait. Eli linge luphawu lokuba iMahan sisitshixo solawulo lolwandle kulawulo lwehlabathi, kwaye idolophu kufuneka iqinisekise urhwebo lolwandle ukuze lukhule.[17]
Xa uBarack Obama wonyulwa okwesibini kumongameli wase-USA nge-5th NgoNovemba 2012, kuyabonwa ukuba u-Obama unomsebenzi womongameli olula ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokukhetha okwesibini. Kwangaxeshanye, alidluliswanga ilizwe njengonyulo luka-2008, kwaye uya kuqhuba ubongameli ngozinzo oluninzi, oku kubonisa ixesha elikhululekile lika-Obama. Ngeli xesha, maninzi amabala apho i-USA iya kusebenza kakuhle kwezopolitiko zehlabathi. UMbindi Mpuma kunye ne-Asia-Pacific engena kwixesha elinobuthathaka ngakumbi ngokwezopolitiko kufuneka aphelise ingxaki yezemali, kwaye ukhuselo lwe-missile kunye neenkqubo zenyukliya ngokwemiqathango yokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe zimbalwa kule ntsimi.[18]
UMongameli u-Obama ulinda igunya le-senate, kwaye ucela ixesha elingakumbi, kwaye oku kunye nokuhlehliswa kwenkomfa ye-Genève II enxulumene neSiriya ukuya ku-Okthobha.[19] inika uluvo lokuba inkqubela ivaliwe. Ukwenzeka kweBeijing-intsebenziswano yaseMoscow eSyria ibonisa ukuba i-USA inyanzeliswa ukuba isebenzise umgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle "udiplomacy" amajelo endaweni "Amandla Anzima”.
Kwindlela entsha ethe yaqiniswa ngolawulo lwexesha lesithathu likaPutin, kukho uphuhliso lobudlelwane obuqine kakhulu namazwe aseMpuma Ekude ukongeza kwijografi yangaphambili yeSoviet. Ekumiselweni kwemephu yendlela entsha yiRussia, umtsalane wommandla wePasifiki kunye nokungabi nangxaki okufunyenwe eNtshona kuyasebenza. Ngenxa yokuba iRashiya inobunzima obungaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-50 kurhwebo lwangaphandle, ingxaki yezemali eyenzeka eYurophu ixhalabile eMoscow. Ubuncinci amazwe ali-17 e-EU acuthile ukuthengwa kwegesi yendalo. Ibandakanya malunga. Ipesenti ezingama-60 zengeniso yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, ukuthunyelwa kwamandla kumazwe angaphandle yeyona ndawo ibuthathaka kakhulu eRashiya.[20]
Ukuguqula ubuso kwiPasifiki nguPutin, uphuhliso olufunyenwe kuMbindi Mpuma shacking kunye ne-Arabic Spring luyasebenza. Kuyenzeka ukuba sithi iRussia sele iza kuphulukana nempembelelo yezopolitiko kulo mmandla kunye nentengiso yeengalo kunye neyona ndawo inobuchule baselwandle. IMoscow ithintele ukungenelela komkhosi eSyria ngenkxaso yeTshayina kwiBhunga leSizwe leZizwe eziManyeneyo ngokuvota kathathu. Ukwenza iinkcazo kwisakhelo sengqungquthela kumabonwakude waseRussia Namhlanje, uPutin uye wavavanya ukuba "ubudlelwane baseRussia neTshayina kwinqanaba eliphezulu. Sobabini sinethemba elinamandla kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho.” Iziko elitsha lamandla eliza kusekwa kwi-Commonwealth of Independent States, uMbutho weNtsebenziswano we-Shanghai kunye namazwe e-APEC ngokuhambelana ne-Asia-Pacific inokuvavanywa njengesicwangciso sobuchule behlabathi ekujoliswe kuko kwe-Kremlin.[21]
Ngokufutshane, uphuhliso lweebhalansi kuMbindi Mpuma luvela kwimigaqo-nkqubo elungeleleneyo kunye nozinzo lwe-USA kwilizwe lezizwe ngezizwe kunye neRashiya neTshayina kwingingqi ye-USA yempembelelo entsha yase-Asiya – iPasifiki.
[1] U-Obama wachaza imigca yakhe ebomvu,
http://www.internethaber.com/obama-kirmizi-cizgilerini-acikladi–453612h.htm(Access: 12.09.2013)
[2] Çolakoğlu, S., (07.09.2013) ''Ukusebenza kokuNxilisa ingqondo' yase-USA eSiriya
http://www.usak.org.tr/kose_yazilari_det.php?id=2133&cat=344(Access:12.09.2013)
[3] U-Obama ucele ukuhlehliswa kweCongress! 11.09.2013
http://www.cnnturk.com/2013/dunya/09/11/obama.kongreden.erteleme.istedi/722978.0/index.html (Access:12.09.2013)
[4] UClinton, H., (01.11.2011). Kwinkulungwane yePasifiki yaseMelika. (Ukufikelela: 20.11.2012).
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/10/11/americas_pacific_century
[5]Erdurmaz, S., (11 May 2009). I-USA ikhethe iNdlela ethi "Smart Power" njengeNgcaciso eLungileyo kuBudlelwane baMazwe ngaMazwe emva kuka-Obama..
http://www.turksam.org/tr/a1658.html (Access: 28.10.2012).
[6] agm
[7] Küntay,B., Ulonyulo lwase-USA lowama-2016 – I , 29.08.2013
http://www.dunya.com/2016-amerika-secimleri-i-153030yy.htm(Access:12.09.2013)
[8] Küntay,B., Ulonyulo lwase-USA lowama-2016 – I , 29.08.2013
http://www.dunya.com/2016-amerika-secimleri-i-153030yy.htm(Access:12.09.2013)
[9] Okur, MA, phezu kwengxoxo ka “Amandla aMandla", 02.07.2012
http://www.ankarastrateji.org/yazar/doc-dr-m-akif-okur/-akilli-guc-tartismasi-uzerine/(Access:12.09.2013)
[10] Küntay,B., Ulonyulo lwase-USA lowama-2016 – I , 29.08.2013
http://www.dunya.com/2016-amerika-secimleri-i-153030yy.htm(Access:12.09.2013)
[11] Chomsky: I-USA ilandela iGlobal Energy, 28.01.2013
http://kisiselmedya.com/chomsky-amerika-enerji/(Access:12.09.2013)
[12] UNoam Chomsky, intetho ethi "iTurkey kunye ne-World Order" kwi-2013 Hrant Dink Human Rights kunye neNkomfa yeNkululeko yokuZichaza "ebanjwe kwi-18th NgoJanuwari 2013 kwiYunivesithi yaseBoğaziçi;
http://kisiselmedya.com/chomsky-amerika-enerji/(Access:12.09.2013)
[13] I-Akçadağ, i-E. ye-Asia-Pacific eyona ndlela yoThutho: iStrait yaseMalacca (07.06.2011).
http://www.bilgesam.org/tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1064:asya-pasifikin-ana-ulam-damar-malakka-boaz&catid=92:analizler-uzakdogu&Itemid=140(Access Tarihi:12.09.2013).
[14] Lacoste, Y., (2007). Ukuqonda uMdlalo Omkhulu, (Inguqulelo:İ.Akça) İstanbul: NTV Publications, s.191.
[15] Özekmekçi, İ., (Aralık 2005). "Amandla amatsha kwi-East Boundary yaseTurkey: i-China", iForam yoMgaqo-nkqubo wamazwe angaphandle, i-s.3.
[16] Desponds, S., “Le détroit de Malaca: artere norriciere et enjeu stratégique de l'Asie du Sud-Est”, Bulletin d'Etudes de la Marine, No:24, juillet 2002.
[17] I-Akçadağ, E., i-Asia-Pacific yeNdlela yoThutho ePhambili: I-Strait yaseMalacca (07.06.2011).
http://www.bilgesam.org/tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1064:asya-pasifikin-ana-ulam-damar-malakka-boaz&catid=92:analizler-uzakdogu&Itemid=140 (Access Tarihi:12.09.2013).
[18] Özertem, HS, Imigaqo-nkqubo yezoQoqosho kunye nezaMandla zika-Obama kwixesha elitsha, (07.11.2012)
http://www.usakgundem.com/yazar/2543/obama%E2%80%99n%C4%B1n-yeni-d%C3%B6neminde-ekonomi-ve-enerji-politikalar%C4%B1.html (Access: 12.09.2013).
[19] INkomfa yeGenève ihlehliswe ngo-Okthobha, nge-13.08.2013
http://www.dunyabulteni.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=270674(Access:12.09.2013)
[20] Akkan, F.,IRashiya ithi 'Ndilapha ePasifiki'.” (08.09.2012).
http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=1342571 (Access:12.09.2013).
[21]Akkan, F.,IRashiya ithi 'Ndilapha ePasifiki'.” (08.09.2012).
http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=1342571 (Access:12.09.2013).
