Le nyanga iphawula isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-50 yohlaselo lomkhosi wase-China e-Indiya, ekuphela kwemfazwe yamazwe angaphandle ethe yaphumelela i-China elawulwa ngamakomanisi. Ukanti loo mfazwe yasilela ekuzisombululeni iimbambano phakathi kwawona mazwe mabini abona bantu baninzi ehlabathini, kwaye ilifa layo lisaqhubeka libubeka ubunzima ubudlelwane bamazwe amabini. Ngelixa uqoqosho lwabo lutsala umdla wamazwe ngamazwe, ukhuphiswano lwabo olusisiseko kwimiba esusela kumhlaba namanzi ukuya kwimpembelelo yezopolitiko kweminye imimandla idla ngokutsala ingqalelo encinci.
Kuzo zonke iimbali zabo, impucuko yaseIndiya neyaseTshayina yahlulwa yithafa elikhulu laseTibet, linciphisa ukusebenzisana kwabo kunxibelelwano lwenkcubeko kunye nonqulo olungaqhelekanga; ubudlelwane bezopolitiko bebungekho. Kwaba kuphela emva kokuba iTshayina yathinjwa iTibet ngo-1950-1951 apho amajoni aseTshayina avela okokuqala kwimida yeHimalaya yaseIndiya.
Ngaphezu nje kweshumi leminyaka kamva, iTshayina yawumangalisa umkhosi waseIndiya owawungazilungiselelanga ngokuqalisa uhlaselo lwamacala amaninzi kwiiHimalaya ngo-Oktobha 20, 1962. INkulumbuso yaseTshayina uZhou Enlai wathi ngokuphandle le mfazwe yayijoliswe “ukufundisa iIndiya isifundo.”
Ukuthatha utshaba ngequbuliso kunika ithuba elibalulekileyo lobuchule emfazweni, kwaye olu hlaselo luye lwabangela umothuko omkhulu ngokwasengqondweni nangokwezopolitiko e-Indiya eyakhulisa kakhulu inkqubela phambili yasemkhosini eyafunyanwa yi-China. I-blitzkrieg yaseTshayina yadala isimo sengqondo sokoyiswa eIndiya, inyanzela umkhosi wayo ukuba uhlehle uye kwindawo yokuzikhusela. I-Indiya, yoyika iziphumo ezingaziwayo, yade yarhoxa ekusebenziseni amandla ayo omoya, nangona umkhosi waseTshayina wawungenasigqubuthelo somoya esisebenzayo kwimikhosi yawo eqhubela phambili.
Emva kwenyanga yokulwa, i-China yabhengeza ukupheliswa komlilo kwindawo yokuqina, emva kokubamba indawo yaseIndiya. AmaShayina ngaxeshanye abhengeza ukuba aya kuqalisa ukurhoxisa imikhosi yawo ngoDisemba 1, 1962, eshiya ukuzuza kwawo kummandla osempuma (apho imida yaseIndiya, iMyanmar, iTibet, neBhutan idibana) kodwa igcine iindawo ezithinjwe kwicandelo lasentshona. kwindawo yokuqala yasenkosana yaseJammu naseKashmir). Ezi parameters zokurhoxa zidibene neenjongo zaseTshayina zangaphambi kwemfazwe.
Kanye njengokuba uMao Zedong waqala ukuhlasela kwakhe iTibet ngelixa ihlabathi lalixakeke yiMfazwe yaseKorea, ngoko ke wakhetha ixesha elifanelekileyo lokuhlasela i-Indiya, njengoko kunconyiwe yingcali yakudala uSun Tzu. Olu hlaselo lwangqamana nengxaki enkulu yamazwe ngamazwe eyathi yazisa iUnited States kunye neSoviet Union ngaphakathi kwibhovu lemfazwe yenyukliya phezu kokuthunyelwa ngokufihlakeleyo kwemijukujelwa yeSoviet eCuba. Ukupheliswa kwemfazwe kwelinye icala kweTshayina kwangqamana nokuyekiswa kweMelika ngokusesikweni kuthintelo lomkhosi waselwandle eCuba, nto leyo ephawula ukuphela kwengxaki yomjukujelwa.
Ubuchule bexesha likaMao buqinisekise ukwahlukaniswa kweIndiya kwimithombo yenkxaso yehlabathi. Ngalo lonke olu hlaselo, ukubonwa kwezizwe ngezizwe kwakusekubonakaleni kwenyukliya yase-US-Soviet, hayi kwimfazwe enegazi eyayigquba kwiinduli ze-Himalaya.
Ikhondo elihlazisayo laseIndiya lakhawulezisa ukufa kwenkulumbuso yayo, uJawaharlal Nehru; kodwa kwakhona yaqalisa uphuculo lomkhosi welizwe kunye nokwanda kwezopolitiko.
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu emva koko, ukungavisisani phakathi kwe-Indiya ne-China kuya kuphinda kukhule phakathi kosukuzwano olukhulu lwezopolitiko. Umda wabo wonke we-4,057 yeekhilomitha - enye yezona zide kakhulu emhlabeni - uhlala uphikisana, ngaphandle komgca ocacileyo wolawulo kwi-Himalayas.
Le meko iye yaqhubeka phezu kwazo nje iingxoxo ezithe rhoqo zamaTshayina namaIndiya ukususela ngowe-1981. Enyanisweni, ezi ntetho ziyila eyona nkqubo inde neyilize yothethathethwano phakathi kwawo nawaphi na amazwe amabini kwimbali yanamhlanje. Ngotyelelo luka-2010 eNew Delhi, iNkulumbuso yaseTshayina uWen Jiabao yatsho ngokuphandle ukuba ukulungisa iingxabano zomda "kuya kuthatha ixesha elide." Ukuba kunjalo, iChina (okanye i-Indiya) izuza ntoni ngokuqhubeka nothetha-thethwano?
Njengoko amanxeba amadala ekhula, imiba emitsha iye yaqalisa ukonakalisa ubudlelwane bamazwe amabini. Ngokomzekelo, ukususela ngo-2006 i-China iqalise ingxabano entsha yendawo ngokubanga icandelo lasempuma (i-Austria-size Arunachal Pradesh state), apho imikhosi yayo yarhoxayo ngo-1962, iyichaza "njenge-Tibet yaseMazantsi."
Ukuqina okubonakalayo kokuma kweTshayina malunga neIndiya ukusukela ngoko kukwabonakaliswa kolunye uphuhliso, kubandakanya iiprojekthi zeqhinga laseTshayina kunye nobukho belizwe lomkhosi kwindawo ephethwe yiPakistan yaseKashmir, ummandla apho imida yeIndiya, iTshayina kunye nePakistan idibana khona.
Amagosa okhuselo eIndiya anike ingxelo yokwanda kokungena emkhosini yimikhosi yaseTshayina kule minyaka idlulileyo. Ukuphendula, i-Indiya ibikhulisa ukuthunyelwa komkhosi ecaleni komda ukunqanda nakuphi na ukuhluthwa komhlaba waseTshayina. Ikwaphehlelele inkqubo yokuntlitheka ukuze iphucule amandla ayo okusebenza ngokwakha iindlela ezintsha, iindawo zeenqwelo-moya, kunye nezikhululo zokumisa ezikumgangatho ophezulu ecaleni kwe-Himalayas.
Ukhuphiswano olukhulu lobuchule phakathi kolona lawulo lwentando yesininzi lukhulu lwehlabathi kunye nedemokhrasi yalo enkulu nalo luye lwaqina, nangona urhwebo lwabo lukhula ngokukhawuleza. Kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, urhwebo lwamazwe amabini lunyuke ngokuphindwe kangangama-20, ukuya kutsho kwi-73.9 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi, oko kuyenza ibe kuphela kwendawo apho ubudlelwane bamazwe amabini buye baphumelela.
Kunokuba uncede ukuguqula iphepha kwiingxabano ezindala, olu rhwebo lukhatshwa lukhuphiswano olukhulu lwe-Sino-Indian geopolitical kunye noxinzelelo lwasemkhosini. Ukukhula korhwebo phakathi kwamazwe amabini akusosiqinisekiso sokumodareyitha phakathi kwamazwe.
Nangona iTshayina yazimisela ukufundisa iIndiya “isifundo,” imfazwe yowe-1962 ayizange ikwazi ukuphumeza naziphi na iinjongo zezobupolitika ezihlala ihleli yaza yaluphazamisa nje ulwalamano lwamazwe amabini. Isifundo esifanayo siyasebenza kumxholo weSino-Vietnamese: Ngo-1979, i-China yaphinda imodeli ye-1962 ngokusungula i-blitzkrieg eyothusayo ngokuchasene neVietnam eyathi inkokeli yaseTshayina uDeng Xiaoping yavuma ukuba yenzelwe "ukufundisa isifundo." Emva kweentsuku ezingama-29, iTshayina yaluphelisa uhlaselo lwayo, ibanga ukuba iVietnam yohlwaywe ngokwaneleyo. Kodwa isifundo abonakala ngathi uDeng usithathile kwintsebenzo embi ye-PLA ngokuchasene neVietnam kukuba i-China, njenge-Indiya, kufuneka iphucule yonke imiba yoluntu.
*UBrahma Chellaney, unjingalwazi wezifundo ezicwangcisiweyo kwiziko eliseNew Delhi elisekelwe kuPhando loMgaqo-nkqubo, ngumbhali we "Asian Juggernaut and Water: Asia's New Battleground." © Project Syndicate 2012
(Zaman namhlanje)
