Ubukholoniyali ukusuka kwingcambu kuthetha ukufuna impumelelo, ukuya kwimpumelelo evumayo. Ngokwezopolitiko, ulawulo lwelizwe elomeleleyo phezu kwelizwe elibuthathaka ukuze kusetyenziswe ubutyebi bendalo kunye nobutyebi belizwe ngesizathu sokudala impumelelo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi ukoloniyalizim ngokwezopolitiko libhekisa ngokukodwa kwiindlela zokuziphatha ngolawulo-melo lwamazwe anamandla kwezopolitiko, afana namazwe athile aseNtshona anemimandla exhomekeke kuyo. Ubukoloniyali ubukhulu becala ngumsebenzi wamazwe amagunya awo olwandle kunye nokungachaneki komhlaba kuthintela ukubunjwa kweyunithi yezopolitiko edibeneyo, njengombuso womhlaba.
Umbono wekoloniyalizim namhlanje unxulunyaniswa ngokupheleleyo nombono we-impiriyali, kwaye i-colonialism ibaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi wamagunya ama-impiriyali, igunya elifuna ukuhlasela imida yesizwe kunye nobuhlanga kunye nokulawula amanye amazwe, izizwe kunye nezizwe.
Nangona i-colonialism inembali yakudala, imbali yengcamango yayo entsha iqala kwi-16th kunye ne-17. Imbali ye-colonialism ukususela kumaxesha amandulo inokwahlulwa ibe ngamaxesha amane, amaxesha amathathu okuqala, ngokuhlangeneyo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-colonialism yamandulo, kunye nexesha lesine. yaziwa ngokuba yikoloniyalizim entsha.
Ubukoloniyali baMandulo lithuba lokuqala lobukoloniyali emhlabeni. Imbali yobukholoniyali iqala ngohlaselo lwamaFenike kunxweme lweMeditera.
Ixesha lesibini lobukoloniyali Ihlabathi lenzeka ngenkulungwane ye-15 neye-16. Amakholoni ase-Italiya aphelisa ixesha lembali yobukoloniyali, iziko elaliyiMeditera, kwaye ukusukela ngoko imbali yobukoloniyali iye yaba kwi-axis ye-atlantic-Indian, emva koko i-Pacific Ocean. Kususela ngeli xesha ukuba impembelelo yaseYurophu isasazeka kwihlabathi elingelona elaseYurophu. Ukufunyaniswa kwelizwekazi laseUnited States kwabangela ukuba oorhulumente abakhulu baseYurophu (iSpain, iPortugal, iFransi, iNgilani, iNetherlands) bathabathe imimandla emitsha yeli lizwekazi eyayisandul’ ukufunyanwa, kuqalwa ngekoloniyalizim entsha kunye nokusekwa kobukumkani obutsha.
Ukusukela ngeli xesha ukuya phambili, iFransi, iNgilani kunye neNetherlands zangena kwintsimi elandela iSpeyin nePortugal, zibonelela ngeekholoni ezininzi kunye nemarike yomsebenzi wezorhwebo eMntla Melika, kwi-West Indies, kwiiNxweme zaseAfrika naseAsia.
Emva kwelo xesha, iimfazwe zobukoloniyali zaqalisa, yaye iimfazwe ezininzi phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu zakhokelela kubukoloniyali. INgilani yalwela ukubamba urhwebo kwiibhanki zaseAfrika naseIndiya kunye neFransi, kwaye ekugqibeleni, iikoloni zaseFransi kwimimandla eninzi yafakwa phantsi kweliso le-UK. Inkulungwane ye-17 yayilixesha lokukhula okukhawulezileyo kwezopolitiko zobukoloniyali, kwaye izinto ezimbini zadlala indima enkulu kunye nesigqibo soloyiso lolawulo lobukoloniyali, enye yayingamandla omkhosi wamanzi okutshabalalisa abo bakhuphisanayo, kwaye enye, ukuvelisa okanye ukubonelela ngempahla yemizi-mveliso ukuze amathanga ngenqanawa. Ngenkulungwane ye-17 iSpeyin yayingenazo zombini, kwaye iNetherlands ayizange ikhuphisane neFransi neNgilani, kwaye ngenxa yoko, oorhulumente babini baba ngamazwe abalaseleyo angamathanga. Eli xesha lembali yobukoloniyali laphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18.
Ixesha lesithathu lobukoloniyali ehlabathini, yaqala nge-19 kunye nenkulungwane yama-20 kunye Ukukhula kwezorhwebo kwezoqoqosho kwakhokelela kwi-Industrial Revolution kwaye kwaguqulwa iziseko zezoqoqosho nezopolitiko zamazwe angama-colonial, kunye nokuxhaphazwa kobutyebi bobukoloniyali kwanda ngakumbi, kwaye le mihlaba yaba yimithombo yezinto eziphathekayo. amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino kunye nokuthengisa iimveliso zawo. Ixesha leenguqu zaseYurophu lalikhatshwa liza lenkululeko yamathanga. IUnited States of America (ilizwe elalisakuba lithanga laseBritani kuMntla Merika) lakhokela, lilandelwa yimvukelo nemibutho yenkululeko kuMbindi noMzantsi Merika, eyatshabalalisa ukwenziwa kwamathanga kweSpeyin nePortugal.
Iminyaka yokuqala yenkulungwane ye-19 yayihamba kunye nophuhliso lwamathanga aseBritane eCanada kunye nokudalwa kwamathanga amatsha eOstreliya, eMzantsi Afrika naseNew Zealand. Ukufuduka okukhulu okwenzeka embindini wale nkulungwane kunye nokwanda kwemfuno ye-England yemizi-mveliso yokutya kunye nemathiriyeli ekrwada yenze la makoloniyali ukuba abe lulawulo olukhulu noorhulumente babo babezimeleyo. Kwangaxeshanye, amashishini aseBritani aphuhlisa ukongamela kukarhulumente kwimimandla eshushu yaza yaseka “amathanga angaphantsi” phantsi kweliso nolawulo loBuphathiswa baseBritani baMathanga.
eMelika; Ikoloni eyathi ngokwayo yaba yikoloni kwikota yokugqibela yenkulungwane ye-19, yaphinda yavuka ngenxa yokukhula koshishino nobukapitali, yaye ngenxa yoko, ububanzi bempembelelo yamaFrentshi kuMntla Afrika bandiswa, yaye lo rhulumente wongamela waza wongamela iindawo ezinkulu zoMntla Afrika. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ukwahlulwa-hlulwa kwemihlaba yaseAfrika phakathi kwamazwe angama-colonial kwaba yinto egqubayo, yaye ekugqibeleni, kwafunyanwa iindidi ezintsha zamakholoni njengabakhuseli kunye nemimandla yempembelelo. Ungquzulwano kwiZiqithi zePasifiki kunye nokusekwa kweendawo zokurhweba eTshayina, ezazikhatshwa ziziganeko zamva nje, zenza iUnited States ibe lilizwe elitsha lobukoloniyali kwindawo yongquzulwano lobukoloniyali. IMfazwe Yehlabathi I yalungelelanisa ukwahlulahlulwa kwamathanga, ngelixa isongeza uhlobo olutsha lwekoloni kwiindidi zangaphambili, “eyayingumhlaba ophantsi kweliso. “Ukuvela kwemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe eAsia naseAfrika, ngakumbi emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwaluphelisa ulawulo lobukoloniyali lwaseYurophu kwimimandla emininzi yala mazwekazi mabini, yaye namhlanje, ngaphandle kwemimandla embalwa emincinane kula mazwekazi mabini, akukho koloniyali. ingqiqo yayo endala.
Ubukoloniyali obutsha yingcinga esetyenziswa ngeendlela ezithi, emva kwexesha lobukoloniyali elidala, zisetyenziswe ukongamela amazwe kwezoqoqosho nakwezopolitiko.
Kanye kunye nophuhliso lwasemva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II kunye nokukhanyela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba amazwe aqhube amakholoni ngokuthe ngqo kunye nekoloniyali, imigaqo-nkqubo emitsha yasetyenziswa phantsi kwesihloko sobukoloniyali olutsha, kwaye izenzo ze-colonial zaphela. Oku kubandakanya iindlela ezifana nemveliso enye yamazwe eHlabathi leSithathu, utyalo-mali lwangaphandle ngamazwe atyebileyo, njl.
Ukungena kwiingcinga ezintsha zentlalo, ezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko kwimimandla IKoloni kunye nokwandiswa kweentshukumo ezichasene nobukoloniyali kwakuyizinto ezibalulekileyo ekupheliseni ubukoloniyali bemveli. I-colonialism yamandulo, emva kokuphuma kwemikhosi yayo yomkhosi kunye nee-arhente ezaziwayo ezivela kwiikholoni, zazisa umdla wayo kule mimandla ngamandla ngokuzisa abaxhasi basekhaya kwimpahla.
Ukukhula koqoqosho longxowankulu kunye nokuthunyelwa kwe-capital ukuze kuxhaphazwe ubutyebi bamanye amazwe kwazisa ubudlelwane bezoqoqosho kumazwe axhatshazwayo ahlumayo kwisigaba esitsha kunye namazwe amancinci, ukuze amazwe athuthukile, ngokuthumela i-capital kunye neendlela zehlabathi zamaxabiso kunye nehlabathi. ukurhweba ngezinto eziluhlaza kunye neengcinezelo zezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho, ukuxhaphaza amazwe aphantsi, kwaye olu budlelwane buthathe isihloko esithi "i-colonialism entsha" (neocolonialism) kwaye abaninzi baye bathatha inzuzo kumazwe aphantsi. Iye yaxhokonxa amazwe amancinane nasanda kukhululwa ukuba alwe nolu hlobo lobudlelwane bezopolitiko noqoqosho.
Indlela "yeniyo-koloniyali" ibangela ukuba amazwe abuthathaka ahlale okanye abuye abuyele kumanqanaba okuqala okukhula koqoqosho, nangona ukuzimela kwawo okwenyani okanye kwangaphandle kwezopolitiko, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo, amazwe ahambele phambili enza inzuzo enkulu ngokuxhaphaza ubutyebi bawo kunye norhwebo lwezoqoqosho.
Ubukoloniyali bazalelwa kumazwe asentshona, kodwa lo mntwana ungumgqakhwe naye wakhulela kumazwe aseMpuma. Ubukho bamakholoni kuMbindi Mpuma kwakungenxa yokuthambileyo nokutyebileyo kwemithombo yobutyebi bendalo, engazange ibangele ukuba kuhluthwe umlo weColonialism-hyenas kule mimandla.
I-United States kumgca ongaphambili kunye ne-United Kingdom emva kobukoloniyali bommandla, ngokuhlolisisa indlela i-United Kingdom ekhoyo ngayo kummandla kunye nokuchonga ukunyakaza kwayo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, inokuqulunqwa isicwangciso esiqhelekileyo nesinamandla sokulwa nokunyakaza kwamakholoni, kwaye ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuhlawula ingqalelo enkulu kunye nechanekileyo kule ngongoma. bakholelwa ukuba umdla eNgilani kulawulo lwengingqi akazange nje kuphela ukuncipha, kodwa ikoloniyalizim endala wayelungiselele izicwangciso ezintsha zolawulo olukhulu kummandla. Eli lizwe okwangoku lise-Iraq kunye ne-Afghanistan ekhoyo, iguqule amehlo aBayo kwamanye amazwe akhululekileyo kulo mmandla kwaye izama ukuwatshabalalisa.
Kakade ke, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kulo mdlalo omtsha, iNgilani ubukhulu becala idlala indima yomzila kunye nasemva kwendawo, kwaye iMelika yincam yohlaselo kunye nekhaka lesibetho saseNgilani, Njengoko izicwangciso ezintsha ziba nzima kwaye ivaliwe, irhoxa ngobuchule, ishiya iUnited States yodwa phakathi kweengxaki naphakathi kweentshaba zayo.
Kwisimbo esitsha sobukoloniyali ukusuka ekuvukeni kunye nenguquko ezenzekelayo yezizwe ezifanelekileyo, Bathatha ithuba lomoya ojikeleze umhlaba kwaye bahluthe impumelelo yeentshukumo zabo zenguqu ukuze bazuze. Ngoko ke, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba iintshukumo zelizwe ziye zaxhaswa yi-impiriyalizim yaseNtshona kwaye zaphambuka kuyo yonke ikhondo le revolution.
Olu lolona hlobo lutsha lobukoloniyalizim oluthi lubethe izithonga ezibuthathaka kumbutho wabasebenzi kunye nekamva lezopolitiko koorhulumente abatsha emva kohlaziyo. Enyanisweni, i-puppet iya kuba namandla kwaye ngenxa yokungaqatshelwa kwabantu kwibala lezemidlalo, nangezandla zabo, kwaye ke isiphelo esibi kakhulu selizwe ekujoliswe kulo liya kugqitywa. Ukunxiba iyunifomu yokukhusela nokwenza ngathi ukhusela iimfuno zabantu ngumsebenzi wamakoloniyali amatsha.
